<p>The Jāmeh Mosque of Isfahān or Jāme&#39; Mosque of Isfahān  is the grand, congregational mosque  of Isfahān city, within Isfahān Province, Iran. The mosque is the result of continual construction, reconstruction, additions and renovations on the site from around 771 to the end of the 20th century. The Grand Bazaar of Isfahan can be found towards the southwest wing of the mosque. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2012.</p><br>
<p>Built during the Umayyad dynasty, it is rumored in Isfahan that one of the pillars of this Mosque were personally built by the Caliph in Damascus. Prior to it becoming a Mosque, it is said to have been a house of worship for Zoroastrians.</p><br>
<h2>Specifications</h2><br>
<p>This is one of the oldest mosques still standing in Iran, and it was built in the four-iwan architectural style, placing four gates face to face. An iwan is a vaulted open room. The qibla iwan on the southern side of the mosque was vaulted with muqarnas during the 13th century. Muqarnas are niche-like cells.</p><br>
<p>Construction under the Seljuqs included the addition of two brick domed chambers, for which the mosque is renowned. The south dome was built to house the mihrab in 1086–87 by Nizam al-Mulk, the famous vizier of Malik Shah, and was larger than any dome known at its time. The north dome was constructed a year later by Nizam al-Mulk&#39;s rival Taj al-Mulk. The function of this domed chamber is uncertain. Although it was situated along the north-south axis, it was located outside the boundaries of the mosque. The dome was certainly built as a direct riposte to the earlier south dome, and successfully so, claiming its place as a masterpiece in Persian architecture for its structural clarity and geometric balance. Iwans were also added in stages under the Seljuqs, giving the mosque its current four-iwan form, a type which subsequently became prevalent in Iran and the rest of the Islamic world.</p><br>
<p>Responding to functional needs of the space, political ambition, religious developments, and changes in taste, further additions and modifications took place incorporating elements from the Mongols, Muzzafarids, Timurids and Safavids. Of note is the elaborately carved stucco mihrab commissioned in 1310 by Mongol ruler Oljaytu, located in a side prayer hall built within the western arcade. Safavid intervention was largely decorative, with the addition of muqarnas, glazed tilework, and minarets flanking the south iwan.</p><br>
<p>The cupolas and piers that form the hypostyle area between the iwans are undated and varied in style, endlessly modified with repairs, reconstructions and additions.</p><br>
<p>The origins of this mosque lie in the 8th century, but it burnt down and was rebuilt again in the 11th century during the Seljuk dynasty and went through remodeling many times. As a result, it has rooms built in different architectural styles, so now the mosque represents a condensed history of Iranian Architecture.</p><br>
<p>Great Calva is a fell in the Lake District, England. It is in the Northern Fells, lying roughly at the centre of this region of high ground. As a result, it is distant from roads and quite remote by Lakeland standards. Great Calva stands at the head of a major geological fault running through the centre of the Lake District, and so from the summit it is possible to see all the way south over Thirlmere. The subsidiary summit of Little Calva lies to the west.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Skiddaw and Blencathra are the best known of the Northern Fells, fronting the range as they loom above Keswick and the road to Penrith. Behind this wall is a further group of fells, commonly referred to as Back o&#39; Skiddaw. This group is centred upon Knott and Great Calva is its southernmost top.</p><br>
<p>To the south of Great Calva, at the centre of the Northern Fells, is Skiddaw Forest. Confusingly this Forest contains no trees, &mdash;other than the windbreak of Skiddaw House &mdash; but is a marshy upland area at around 1,300 ft surrounded on all sides by higher fells. Three streams flow from Skiddaw Forest, dividing the Northern Fells into three sectors. Dash Beck runs north west, the River Caldew north east and the River Glenderaterra south. The three groups of fells can conveniently be thought of as the Skiddaw massif, the Blencathra group and Back OSkiddaw. The single building in Skiddaw Forest is Skiddaw House which has variously seen service as a shepherds bothy and a Youth Hostel.</p><br>
<p>Great Calva appears from Skiddaw Forest as a steep sided pyramid, clad predominantly in heather. The summit is a curving ridge half a mile long, with Great Calva at the eastern end and Little Calva to the west. The ridge itself is extremely wet underfoot. From between the two tops, Dead Beck runs down into Candleseaves Bog, the source of both the Caldew and Dash Beck. Great Calva has a prominent southern spur, around which the Caldew flows before steering north east for the Eden Valley. In a strict topographical sense Candleseaves Bog is the connection between Great Calva and Skiddaw, but it could hardly be described as a ridge route.</p><br>
<p>Running north east from Little Calva is a ridge which drops to a col at 1,797 ft, before rising up the flanks of Knott. There are a couple of small tarns on the Great Calva side of the depression. From the col Wiley Gill runs south east to join the Caldew and Hause Gill flows westward to Dash Beck.</p><br>
<p>Little Calva sends out a further descending ridge to the north west, running alongside Dash Beck. A series of spurs named Black Nettle Hause, Little Nettle Hause and White Hause drop toward the river. Between Black Nettle Hause and Birkett Edge on Bakestall the beck reaches Whitewater Dash, a fine series of waterfalls.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>A cairn stands at the top of the south ridge with another a little to the north at the highest point. The remains of an old fence runs between the two. A few yards east of the summit a stone windshelter has been constructed. There is some rock in evidence but grass and heather predominate.</p><br>
<p>The view southward, particularly from the lower cairn is unexpectedly good. Looking directly down the Glenderaterra Valley and the Vale of St John, the gap gives an unimpeded view as far as Loughrigg and Steel Fell. Additionally above the flanks of Lonscale Fell Great Gable and the Scafells appear. The nearer fells by contrast turn their backs upon Great Calva, the northward vista being less inspiring.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Great Calva is mainly covered in heather, which makes walking relatively difficult. From the north west an approach can be made from Orthwaite, following a bridleway between Great Cockup and Little Calva to the col between Knott and the summit. Alternatively Great Calva can be climbed up the pathless south ridge from Skiddaw Forest, which creates a number of options for starting points. The Skiddaw House supply road follows Dash Beck up from Peter House Farm, or a good track runs alongside the Caldew from the road at Mosedale. Access is also possible up the Glenderaterra valley from the south, starting either from the Gale Road car park or the vicinity of Threlkeld.</p><br>
<p>Graystones is a fell in the English Lake District. It lies in the North Western Fells region and is one of the peaks on the ridge which encircles the valley of Aiken Beck.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>According to Alfred Wainwright the name Graystones properly refers only to the summit, but he then chose to apply it to the whole fell in his influential Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells. Wainwright stated that the hill is correctly known as Kirk Fell, not to be confused with Kirk Fell in Wasdale. Some guidebooks however take Graystones to be the eastern summit and Kirk Fell the western top at 1,437 ft. This view is reinforced by the placing of the names on the Ordnance Survey 1:25000 series map.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The North Western Fells occupy the area between the rivers Derwent and Cocker, a broadly oval swathe of hilly country, elongated on a north-south axis. Two roads cross from east to west, dividing the fells into three convenient groups. The most northerly sector, rising between Whinlatter Pass and the Vale of Embleton, includes Graystones.</p><br>
<p>The highest ground in this northern sector lies on a ridge running from the Vale of Lorton in the west to the shore of Bassenthwaite Lake in the east. In this direction the fells on the ridge are Graystones, Broom Fell, Lord&#39;s Seat and Barf. Whinlatter is an outlier to the south.</p><br>
<p>Gentle grassy slopes rise up from the wide Vale of Lorton to the western (Kirk Fell) top. A little to the east across a slight depression is Graystones summit. The ridge then narrows to cross the long saddle of Widow Hause en route for Broom Fell. To the south of the fell are Blaze Beck and its tributary, Aiken Beck. These are joined by Sware Gill, a small stream running down from the col between Kirk Fell and Graystones. The south eastern slopes of the fell and the entire southern flank of Widow Hause are dressed with the conifers of the Darling How Plantation. Deep within the woods is Spout Force, a fine waterfall on Aiken Beck.</p><br>
<p>The northern slopes run slowly down towards Embleton High Common and the vast morass of Wythop Moss. To the north west is Harrot (958 ft), a good viewpoint for Lorton and Cockermouth.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The predominant rock is the Ordovician Kirkstile Formation of laminated siltstone and mudstone. The southern slopes show evidence of the greywacke sandstone turbidities of the Loweswater Formation. There are also small intrusions of lamprophyre.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>Graystones summit is grassy, the highest point marked by a slight upthrust in the underlying rock. It lies within a few yards of the end of the wall rising from Widow Hause. A cairn has been erected on the western slopes of Kirk Fell.</p><br>
<p>The slopes are too shallow to give any remarkable view, but the Loweswater Fells and the tops surrounding Coledale Hause can all be seen. More distant there are glimpses of Skiddaw and Helvellyn, together with a panorama of the Scottish coast.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The north western approach from Armaside is via Harrot and Kirk Fell. From the north Tom Rudd Beck can be followed from Embleton. The shortest route is from Scawgill Bridge on the Whinlatter Pass road, following the remains of walls and fences direct to the summit.</p><br>
<p>Grike is a hill in the west of the English Lake District, near Ennerdale Water. It is part of the Lank Rigg group, the most westerly Wainwright as the fells diminish toward the coastal plain. It can be climbed from Kinniside or Ennerdale Bridge.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north east and Wasdale to the south east. Westwards, the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. Grike stands at the extremity of the southern arm.</p><br>
<p>The main watershed runs broadly westwards from Great Gable, dividing the headwaters of Ennerdale and Wasdale. The fells in this section are Kirk Fell, Pillar, Scoat Fell, Haycock and Caw Fell. The surrounding valleys gradually diverge until other rivers spring up to drain the intervening country. Worm Gill is one such watercourse, running southwards from Caw Fell and forcing the ridge to detour northwards around the head of its valley. Beyond this stand the fells of the Lank Rigg group, the final high country within the National Park. Crag Fell and Grike complete the westward line of the ridge, while Lank Rigg itself lies to the south across the head of the River Calder.</p><br>
<p>The western ridge of Crag Fell narrows to a marshy depression at 1,480 ft, before climbing again up the easy slopes of Grike. The southern flanks of both fells have been planted with a long belt of conifers, running down to the headwaters of the Calder. Grike&#39;s northern slopes are also forested where gradient and crags allow. The Ennerdale face is less impressive than that of Crag Fell, although deeply riven by the beds of Ben Gill and Red Gill. Grike looks down not upon the lake itself, but on the floodplain of the River Ehen, its outflowing stream.</p><br>
<p>West of the summit is a broad slope leading down to Heckbarley (1,280 ft), a wide plateau with little prominence which is separated from the main fell by Stinking Gill and Goat Gill. Heckbarley has Grike&#39;s only real crags on its northern face. The ridge now turns south over a wooded depression to cross the minor tops of Blakeley Raise (1,276 ft), Burn Edge (1,050 ft) and Swarth Fell (1,099 ft). In his influential Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, Alfred Wainwright The Coldfell road runs along the western side of these tops.</p><br>
<h2>Mining</h2><br>
<p>Iron mines operated beneath the northern slopes of Grike and Crag Fell from 1860 to 1896. Levels were driven into the banks of Goat Gill and Red Gill, with the principal working, Main Drift Mine, between the two. The yields were never as great as hoped and the venture was a commercial failure.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The top bears a massive stone cairn together with two smaller ones, built from the many specimens lying near the summit on an otherwise grassy dome. The main cairn gives the fell its alternative local name, Stone Man. A weather station is a rather more modern addition to the summit decorations.</p><br>
<p>The view seawards is extensive, but to the east the Lakeland panorama is partly obscured by Crag Fell. The horseshoe of the Western Fells is all that can be seen well, although the summits of Dollywaggon Pike and Fairfield put in unexpected appearances, along with Skiddaw and a small section of the North Western Fells. The foot of Ennerdale Water is also in sight.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>From Ennerdale Bridge, or the car parks near the outflow of the lake, the lane to Crag Farm can be used to give access onto the fell. A good path makes for Crag Fell and this can be followed as far as Ben Gill before turning right up the hillside. The Coldfell road provides another starting point, a track heading eastward from near the Kinniside Stone Circle. This was once the road to the Crag Fell Iron Mines and crosses the initial ridge between Heckbarley and Blakeley Raise. It then contours along the southern flank of Grike, just above the trees.</p><br>
<p>Hen Comb is a fell in the west of the English Lake District. One of the Loweswater Fells it lies to the south of Loweswater lake and Loweswater village. Although of only moderate height, its ascent can be difficult as it is largely surrounded by bogs.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north east and Wasdale to the south east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. Hen Comb and the other Loweswater Fells form the extremity of the northern arm.</p><br>
<p>The Loweswater Fells have been compared to the digits of a hand, radiating out south westward from the "palm" centred on Loweswater village. From the west these are Burnbank Fell, Blake Fell, Gavel Fell, Hen Comb and Mellbreak, the "thumb".</p><br>
<p>Hen Comb is a linear ridge, beginning in the fields of the Loweswater valley and climbing away southwards. The initial ascent is crowned by the subsidiary top of Little Dodd (1,187 ft), before the ridge flattens out for a quarter of a mile. Beyond is the final climb to the rounded dome of the summit, which has steep slopes on all sides. There is a connecting depression on the south west flank which leads to Floutern Cop, an outlier of Gavel Fell.</p><br>
<p>Hen Comb has no direct topographical link with Mellbreak to the east, the two parallel ridges being separated by the wet valley of Mosedale. The head of Mosedale curves westward around the summit of Hen Comb, its source being at Floutern Tarn. This long slender pool has a grim quality in most conditions, being sandwiched between Floutern Crag and an embankment of giant boulders. Great Borne and Starling Dodd rise to the south. The western boundary of the fell is formed by Whiteoak Beck which, like Mosedale Beck, joins the outflow of Loweswater. Across the valley are Gavel Fell and Blake Fell, while its marshy source at Whiteoak Moss lies just below Floutern Cop.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The rocks of Hen Comb are of the Kirkstile Formation, laminated mudstone and siltstone, often associated with the Skiddaw group.</p><br>
<p>Whiteoak Mine operated on the north western slopes, lead being won from a series of workings between 1864 and 1891. The pit for a 40 ft waterwheel can still be seen. Mosedale Mine on the eastern flanks was a less successful trial, also for lead. There are also the remains of an iron mine near the outlet of Floutern Tarn, worked patchily through the 1860s.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>A cairn atop the grassy dome marks the summit, from which a respectable view can be seen. The Buttermere valley is a highpoint with the Grasmoor range beyond. Both arms of the Western Fells are also seen to good effect.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The obvious line is from Loweswater village, ascending Mosedale. An early crossing of the river (wide, no bridge) allows Little Dodd to be climbed. Further travel through the swamps of Mosedale or Whiteoak Moss can lead more directly to the summit, but rarely dryshod. Not for nothing does Wainwright remark on Hen Comb as "rising...between side valleys that carry streams down from a wide upland morass, a desolate tract of marshland and bog encircling the extremity of the fell like a moat, out of which rise the summit slopes as an island from the sea."</p><br>
<p>Silverwood Lake is a large reservoir in San Bernardino County, California, United States, located on the West Fork Mojave River, a tributary of the Mojave River in the San Bernardino Mountains. It was created in 1971 as part of the State Water Project by the construction of the Cedar Springs Dam as a forebay on the 444 mi long California Aqueduct , and has a capacity of 73,000 acre.ft.</p><br>
<h2>Specifications</h2><br>
<p>Silverwood Lake is located on the East Branch of the California Aqueduct. It is operated by the California Department of Water Resources and provides a major water source for agencies serving nearby San Bernardino Mountain and Mojave Desert areas. Some 2,400 acre of recreation land surround the lake.</p><br>
<p>At an elevation of 3,355 feet (1,023 m), Silverwood Lake is the highest reservoir in the State Water Project.</p><br>
<h2>Silverwood Lake State Recreation Area</h2><br>
<p>The Silverwood Lake State Recreation Area is one of many California State Parks features picnicking, hiking trails, swimming beaches, and designated areas for boating, water-skiing and fishing.</p><br>
<p>The Pacific Crest Trail, "the jewel in the crown of America&#39;s scenic trails" spanning 2,650 miles from Mexico to Canada through three western states, passes through the Silverwood Lake State Recreation Area, with trailheads for short or long hikes.</p><br>
<p>A 2009 California Water Board study found significantly elevated levels of toxic poly-chlorinated biphenyls (PCBS) and mercury levels in largemouth bass at Silverwood Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>This has prompted local media to express concerns over the large number of anglers keeping and eating fish from this popular Inland Empire lake.</p><br>
<p>Raivavae is an island that is part of the Austral Islands in French Polynesia.</p><br>
<p>The main island covers an area of 14.95 km² and at the 2016 census had a population of 975.</p><br>
<p>Offshore island of Haamu had a population of 2.</p><br>
<p>Its highest point is the top of an extinct volcano which is 437 meters high.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>First sighting by Europeans was recorded by the Spanish naval officer Tomás Gayangos on board of the frigate "El Aguila" on 5 February 1775. Gayangos had taken over the command of the expedition of Domingo de Bonechea of 1774 after his death in Tahiti and was returning to the Viceroyalty of Peru. The main source describing this sighting is that of José Andía y Varela, pilot of the packet boat Jupiter that accompanied El Aguila in this return trip. On 6 February a boat was sent in, and made contact with the inhabitants at the shore edge, but landing was not made. Raivavae was charted as Santa Rosa by the Spaniards. The inhabitants said the name of their island was Oraibaba.</p><br>
<p>It was annexed by France in 1880.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The islands of Raivavae are administratively within the commune with the same name. Raivavae consists of the following associated communes:</p><br>
<p>Anatonu</p><br>
<p>Rairua-Mahanatoa</p><br>
<p>Vaiuru</p><br>
<p>Mehoopany Creek is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Sullivan and Wyoming counties, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 26.8 mi long. In Sullivan County the creek flows through Colley Township and in Wyoming County it flows through Forkston Township and Mehoopany Township. The stream&#39;s watershed has an area of 123 square miles. Its major tributaries include Stony Brook and North Fork Mehoopany Creek.</p><br>
<p>Mehoopany Creek is designated as a high-quality coldwater fishery in Sullivan County. Its headwaters are listed in the Sullivan County Natural Areas Inventory.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Mehoopany Creek begins in Splashdam Pond in Colley Township, just west of the eastern border of Sullivan County. The creek flows north and then east. It leaves Sullivan County approximately a mile from its headwaters.</p><br>
<p>Upon leaving Sullivan County, Mehoopany Creek enters Forkstown Township, Wyoming County. In this township, it flows roughly east, entering a valley. It dips southeast, picking up the tributary Bellas Brook, and then flows in a northeasterly direction for several miles. Along the way, the creek passes Short Mountain and receives the tributary South Brook, along with numerous other tributaries. At Flat Top, it turns north for a few miles, receiving the tributary White Creek. The creek&#39;s valley becomes shallower and it receives the tributary North Fork Mehoopany Creek. It then turns northeast and enters Mehoopany Township. The creek meanders for several miles through this township before reaching its confluence with the Susquehanna River near the community of North Mehoopany.</p><br>
<p>Mehoopany Creek joins the Susquehanna River 231.52 mi upstream of its mouth.</p><br>
<h3>Tributaries</h3><br>
<p>Tributaries of Mehoopany Creek include Stony Brook, North Fork Mehoopany Creek, and numerous others. North Fork Mehoopany Creek joins Mehoopany Creek 6.26 mi upstream of its mouth and its watershed has an area of 40.00 square miles. Stony Brook joins Mehoopany Creek 12.20 mi upstream of its mouth. The watershed of this brook has an area of 6.87 square miles.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The average rate of precipitation in the watershed of Mehoopany Creek ranges from 35 to 45 in per year.</p><br>
<p>Mehoopany Creek is acidic in early spring.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>The elevation near the mouth of Mehoopany Creek is 604 ft above sea level. The elevation of the creek&#39;s source is between 2,040 ft and 2,080 ft. Its elevation decreases at a rate of 88 ft per mile in its upper reaches.</p><br>
<p>The topography of the watershed of Mehoopany Creek is described as "rough and hilly" in a 1921 book. The watershed has numerous steep hills, with heights from 900 to 1000 ft. The creek&#39;s channel is sinuous. The creek has alluvial floodplains in its lower reaches.</p><br>
<p>Mehoopany Creek flows through rock formations of shale and sandstone.</p><br>
<p>Mehoopany Creek has "dangerously situated strainers" and major rapids in places.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>The watershed of Mehoopany Creek has an area of 123 square miles. The watershed is in three counties: Sullivan County, Wyoming County, and Bradford County.</p><br>
<p>The watershed of Mehoopany Creek is forested. Lakes and swamps are present in its upper reaches. One lake in the watershed is Grant Lake, which has a surface area of 68.8 acres.</p><br>
<p>There are a number of communities in the watershed of Mehoopany Creek. In 1921, the largest were Mehoopany, with a population of 648; Ricketts, with a population of 275; and Forkston, with a population of 210. Major roads in the watershed include Pennsylvania Route 87.</p><br>
<h2>History, etymology, and industries</h2><br>
<p>A gauging station was established on Mehoopany Creek in January 1914.</p><br>
<p>Industries done in the watershed of Mehoopany Creek in the early 1900s included agriculture. The creek also provided water power for a number of mills. The Lehigh Valley Railroad also traversed the upper part of the watershed in this period.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>Mehoopany Creek and its drainage basin is designated as a high-quality coldwater fishery in Sullivan County.</p><br>
<p>The headwaters of Mehoopany Creek are "one of the two highest priority sites in the county" according to their listing in the Sullivan County Natural Areas Inventory. These headwaters are a wetland complex, which contains several rare plant species. However, the wetlands are mostly dominated by blueberry plants.</p><br>
<p>The headwaters of Mehoopany Creek are home to three plant species that are rare or endangered in Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Mehoopany Creek is suitable for intermediate and novice canoers. The creek is easier to canoe on in its lower reaches than in its upper reaches and the scenery on the creek is described as "good". The American Whitewater Association&#39;s difficulty ranking of the creek ranges from I to III during normal flow conditions.</p><br>
<p>Mehoopany Creek flows through Pennsylvania State Game Lands in many places.</p><br>
<p>Stony Brook is a tributary of Mehoopany Creek in Wyoming County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 4.3 mi long and flows through North Branch township and Forkston Township. The brook has a tributary known as Red Brook. Logging was done in the upper reaches of the watershed of Stony Brook in the early 1900s.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Stony Brook begins in North Branch Township. It enters a valley and flows southeast for approximately two miles (three kilometers) before turning south and entering Forkston Township. Shortly afterwards, the brook receives the tributary Red Brook and turns east. Further downstream, it bends south and then southwest before it reaches its confluence with Mehoopany Creek.</p><br>
<p>Stony Brook joins Mehoopany Creek 12.20 mi upstream of its mouth.</p><br>
<h3>Tributaries</h3><br>
<p>Stony Brook has a tributary known as Red Brook, which has a watershed of 2.3 square miles.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>The elevation near the mouth of Stony Brook is 1,082 ft above sea level. The elevation of the source of the brook is between.</p><br>
<p>There are two conglomerates in the vicinity of Stony Brook. Coal is also found close to the brook. By the late 1800s, a thousand tons of coal had been mined in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>The watershed of Stony Brook has an area of 6.87 square miles.</p><br>
<h2>History and industries</h2><br>
<p>Logging has historically taken place in the watershed of Stony Brook. Between 1911 and 1916, between 30,000 and of wood per day were logged at the headwaters of the brook and at Crane Swamp.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>Stony Brook is inhabited by native trout.</p><br>
<p>The John Roy Site is a pre-Columbian archaeological site located roughly 2 mi south of Clayton in Adams County, Illinois. The site consists of a Woodland period village site inhabited from roughly 450 to 650 A.D. five burial mounds are also associated with the site. The site&#39;s upland location is uncommon for village sites from the period, which have mostly been located in river valleys. The location may have been affected by the development of plant cultivation at the time, and extensive seed deposits at the site provide insight into developing agricultural practices. In addition, preserved remnants of woven artifacts have been found at the site; such items are rare and may help explain how weaving developed during the period.</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 22, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Ebenezer Methodist Episcopal Chapel and Cemetery is a historic church located northwest of Golden, Adams County, Illinois. The church was built in 1858-59 for the local Methodist Episcopal congregation. The church has a vernacular Greek Revival design; while the style was common in Illinois before the Civil War, the church is now the only one of its type in the county. The church is a white sided building on a limestone foundation; it is topped by a gable roof with a simple entablature at either end. The church&#39;s cemetery, located to the west of the building, has had burials since 1857 and contains both members and non-members of the church.</p><br>
<p>The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 4, 1984. It is one of two sites on the National Register in Golden, the other being the Exchange Bank.</p><br>
<p>The Exchange Bank is a historic bank building located in Golden, Adams County, Illinois. The Italian Renaissance style bank was built in 1891 for Harm Emminga. Harm was the son of Henrich Emminga, a German immigrant who had started a prosperous milling business in Golden; Harm continued his fathers business by building both a new grain elevator and the new bank. The bank was originally an office building for the mill, as its offices had historically loaned and held money for clients, but it soon developed into the towns main bank. The building also housed the town&#39;s newspaper, the New Era. In 1905, the bank moved to a new building in downtown Golden, and by the 1920s it had become a prosperous business affiliated with larger regional banks in Quincy; however, it closed in 1930, a victim of the Wall Street Crash of 1929.</p><br>
<p>The bank was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 12, 1987. It is one of two sites on the National Register in Golden, along with the Ebenezer Methodist Episcopal Chapel and Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Lake Borrie Wetlands is a coastal wetland that is located in the Greater Geelong region of Victoria, Australia. The wetland is situated within the Western Treatment Plant at Werribee; administered by Melbourne Water.</p><br>
<p>Fed by run off from the Little River, the 70 hectare wetland forms part of the Port Phillip Bay (Western Shoreline) and Bellarine Peninsula Ramsar Site as a wetland of international importance. Thousands of birds amongst more than 270 different species can be found there. The lake is part of the Werribee and Avalon Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance for wetland and waterbirds as well as for orange-bellied parrots.</p><br>
<p>The lake was named in honour of Edwin Fullarton Borrie, a civil engineer and town planner in Melbourne.</p><br>
<p>Port Lihou Island or Yeta  is an island in the Torres Strait, in Queensland&#39;s north between the Australian mainland and Papua New Guinea. It lies off the south coast of Muralag, separated by a channel that is 3 km long but only a few metres wide at the north-eastern end . It is approximately 2.8 by in size. The area is 3.97 km².</p><br>
<p>Since May 2001 the Kaurareg people have held the native title rights to most of the island.</p><br>
<p>Yeta is the name given by the Muralag/Kaurareg people. Its English name of Port Lihou was given by Lieutenant John Lihou, R.N., in 1823.</p><br>
<p>Lihou, then Master of the merchant ship Zenobia, was on passage from Manila to South America and had chosen a route through Torres Strait. This was the first occasion a ship was navigated through Torres Strait from west to east. It was also the first occasion a ship was navigated through the Coral Sea from Torres Strait, south-eastward to the south-ward of New Caledonia.</p><br>
<p>The Zenobia entered Endeavour Strait in January 1823, and discovered a shallow port on the south coast of Prince of Wales Island, subsequently named Port Lihou.</p><br>
<p>The Atlas Life Building is a historic twelve-story building in downtown Tulsa, Oklahoma. Designed by the firm Rush, Endacott and Rush, the building was completed in 1922. It is located at 415 S. Boston Avenue, sandwiched between the Philtower and Mid-Continent Tower. On May 19, 2009, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. Originally an office building, it was converted to hotel use in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Atlas Life Insurance Company</h2><br>
<p>Atlas Life Insurance Company was founded in Tulsa in 1918. Within three years it had grown so rapidly that it had begun constructing its own high-rise office building. An elaborate ceremony accompanied its grand opening on November 22, 1922. The company&#39;s logo incorporated a figure of Atlas, a Titan of ancient Greek mythology, carrying the world on his back. A statue representing this is on top of the building facade. The company remained in business at this location until it was sold in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Building description</h2><br>
<p>The building&#39;s most recognizable feature is the four-story neon sign above the main entrance, which makes the Atlas Life Building a popular local landmark. The sign was installed in 1946, and has been retained by subsequent owners of the building.The ground floor occupies the entire 100-foot by 140-foot property. The second floor is T-shaped, with the top of the T fronting on Boston Avenue, while the remaining floors are 50 feet by 140 feet, centered above the ground floor. The building itself is faced with red brick, with white marble ornamentation concentrated at the third, eleventh, and twelfth floors. At the top is an ornate cornice surmounted by a crouching statue of Atlas. The building is seven bays wide at the base, narrowing to three above the second floor to allow some separation from the taller buildings on either side.</p><br>
<p>The building has an area of 86,231 ft&sup2;. The ground floor of the Atlas Life Building is home to the Tulsa Press Club, Baytide Petroleum and The New Atlas Grill.</p><br>
<h2>Building ownership</h2><br>
<p>In 1991, State Mutual Insurance Company purchased Atlas Life Insurance Company and moved all its operations to Georgia. The Pearson Group acquired the building in 1997 from Tulsa Public Schools. On January 6, 2006, the building was sold by the Pearson Group to Navajo Properties LLC, a company affiliated with investor Maurice Kanbar. In 2008, Kanbar sold the building to new owners; it was then adapted for reuse as a Courtyard by Marriott hotel, with a planned opening in June 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Harrison Meeting House Site and Cemetery, also known as the Germantown Church Site and Cemetery, is located on NY 416 right at its northern terminus with NY 211, across from Orange County Airport just outside the village of Montgomery, New York.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>The first settlers of what would eventually become the Town of Montgomery came here and built their church on this site in the early 18th century. It would later be surrounded with their houses. The church no longer stands, but several of those early settlers are buried within the stone wall around the site. The Town of Montgomery has taken possession after the site was restored from past neglect and added a small interpretive plaque.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Horn  is a mountain located in Franklin County, Maine. The Horn is flanked to the southwest by the main summit of Saddleback Mountain, to the northeast by Saddleback Junior, and to the northwest by Potato Nubble.</p><br>
<p>The Horn drains to the northeast into Redington Stream, then into the South Branch of the Dead River, the Kennebec River, and into the Gulf of Maine. The Horn drains to the west into Saddleback Lake, then into Redington Stream. The Horn drains to the south into Winship Stream, then into Conant Stream, Orbeton Stream, and the Sandy River, another tributary of the Kennebec. The Horn drains to the southeast into Hardy Stream, then into Orbeton Stream.</p><br>
<p>The Appalachian Trail, a 2,170 mi National Scenic Trail from Georgia to Maine, runs along the ridge of Saddleback, including the summit of The Horn.</p><br>
<p>Piner Creek is a stream in northeast Santa Rosa, California, United States  which originates as an outlet of Fountaingrove Lake. Piner Creek discharges to Santa Rosa Creek which in turn joins the Laguna de Santa Rosa. The upper reaches in the foothills of the Mayacamas Mountains are at elevations of 200 to 300 feet , while the lower and middle reaches are located on the Santa Rosa Plain at elevations of between the 110- and 140-foot  contours; therefore, these lower reaches have a gradient of about 1:250 toward the southwest. Geologic studies in the lower and middle reaches of Piner Creek indicate groundwater levels ranging from three to 15 feet  below the surface. Prior to extensive urban development of the middle and lower reaches, the landscape earlier bore extensive agricultural uses including plum orchards, which fruit was subsequently processed for prunes.</p><br>
<p>The Piner Creek watershed consists of 4,048 acre, approximately three-fourths of which lies within the municipal boundaries of the city of Santa Rosa. About one-third of the watershed is developed as residential use, and about one-sixth of the land is open space, recreation and agricultural usage. One of the early surviving architectural features of Sonoma County is within the Piner Creek catchment basin: A well preserved Round Barn, constructed in 1899, a testament to the 19th century pasturage uses within this watershed.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Piner Creek originates in the lower Mayacmas Mountains at Fountaingrove Lake. From its outlet at Fountaingrove Lake, Piner Creek flows down a relatively steep gradient, initially over a riprap lined channel, which has been modified in association with some alterations to lower Fountaingrove Lake. Thence Piner Creek flows northerly of an upscale modern office park before crossing under Redwood Highway and U.S. Highway 101. West of the U.S. 101 Freeway, Piner Creek winds through a retail and commercial/industrial area, before crossing under Piner Road near Coffey Lane; in this reach there is a large historic release to groundwater of solvent from manufacturing uses stemming back to the 1970s and 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Water quality of Piner Creek is characterized by pH levels that are mildly basic, with upper reach pH levels about 8.5, declining to lower reach levels at 7.8 just above the discharge to Santa Rosa Creek. It is interesting to note that the headwaters soils are typically of pH about 6.9. Water quality of Piner Creek is generally low in turbidity, except for highest flow periods resulting from heavy rains; the water is free from odor. Springtime water temperatures are typically in the range of 60 to 65 degrees Fahrenheit (16 to 18 degrees Celsius).</p><br>
<p>Piner Creek terminates at its confluence with Santa Rosa Creek, which watercourse discharges to the Laguna de Santa Rosa; the Laguna de Santa Rosa ultimately forms a confluence with the Russian River, which flows into the Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>As recently as the Miocene period, twelve million years ago, the entire watershed of Piner Creek was on the floor of the Pacific Ocean. After significant volcanic uplift and tectonic movement, the headwaters region of the Mayacmas Mountains emerged above the ocean. Piner Creek was one of the drainages that began to drain the new landmass, in formation of the eventual Santa Rosa Plain, through which the middle and lower reaches of Piner Creek flow. Occasional basaltic outcrops are seen in the upper reach of Piner Creek, betraying the volcanic origin of the Mayacmas Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The upper reach of Piner Creek watershed is characterized by presence of Goulding cobbly clay loam soil; this soil has slopes of up to 15 percent and is subject to moderate erosive potential. The actual soil depth is typically only about 20 in and may contain up to 25 percent cobblestones. Historic use of this soil has been for grazing. As the stream approaches the Santa Rosa Plain immediately east of U.S Highway 101, slopes diminish to a gradient of five to 15 percent and the predominant soil type is Felta very gravelly loam. This Felta soil is characterized by an upper surface grayish-brown color and texture of a fine, sticky and plastic nature.</p><br>
<p>West of U.S. Highway 101, Piner Creek flows over the Santa Rosa Plain at gradients of less than two percent. Here the predominant soil type is Zamora silty clay loam, which has been deposited as an alluvial fan as the floodplain formed. The upper soil surface of the Zamora material is grayish-brown hard, firm, sticky and plastic. Permeability is moderately slow and fertility is high for these lower reach soils, which has resulted in historic orchard use and present day vineyards.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Formal habitat evaluation of Piner Creek has been conducted along with a number of other streams within the Laguna de Santa Rosa watershed. Habitat value of Piner Creek was found to be Fair compared to higher values scored by Matanzas Creek and Brush Creek and lower values scored by Colgan Creek. Most of the watercourse has been modified to accommodate urban development within Santa Rosa, and some alterations have been conducted to achieve higher levels of flood control. The dominant tree along the banks of Piner Creek is the Coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia; within the streambed, a large number of Cattail, Typha latifolia, stands are observed. A considerable number of bird species are found along the stream banks of Piner Creek.</p><br>
<p>Based upon benthic macroinvertebrate sampling in Piner Creek, a low faunal diversity was found; moreover a declining trend of such biodiversity was noted over the period 2000 to 2003. In comparison with other streams of the Santa Rosa Creek watershed, Piner Creek was assessed to have above average epifaunal cover, riffle frequency and siltation characteristics. The high population level of tubificids in Piner Creek indicate the presence of excessive organic loading, mostly due to high nitrate and phosphate runoff from urban uses (and possible reduced dissolved oxygen levels).</p><br>
<p>Springfield Union Station in Springfield, Illinois, is a former train station and now part of the complex of buildings that together form the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and is located at 500 East Madison Street  in downtown Springfield, adjacent to the Lincoln Presidential Library.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Springfield Union Station was designed in the Richardson Romanesque style in 1896 as a combined passenger terminal for several railroads serving Springfield, including the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Chicago, Peoria and St. Louis Railroad, Illinois Central Railroad, and the St. Louis, Peoria and Northern Railway. Although the structure was intended to be used jointly by these railroads, the Illinois Central was the predominant carrier, and the architect was Illinois Central chief architect Francis T. Bacon. The station was built in 1897-1898 at a cost of $75,000, and opened for business on January 2, 1898. During its 73 years of active service, the station carried substantial passenger train traffic to and from Chicago, St. Louis, and other cities.</p><br>
<p>The vast majority of passenger trains serving Springfield Union Station were operated by the Illinois Central Railroad, although when the station was first opened, Illinois Central only served Springfield on a route extending northeast to Clinton, Gilman and Chicago. In 1899, Illinois Central acquired the Springfield to St. Louis segment of the former St. Louis, Peoria and Northern Railway, allowing expansion of Illinois Central service from Springfield south to St. Louis. On June 17, 1900, two premier trains (the Daylight Special and the Diamond Special) were inaugurated on this route to compete with existing St. Louis-Springfield-Chicago service offered by the Chicago and Alton Railroad. By 1936, the Illinois Central name trains serving Springfield were the Green Diamond and the Night Diamond.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore and Ohio passenger service through Springfield was secondary in nature, with service over one line from Indianapolis and Decatur to Springfield, and over a second route between Flora, Pana, Springfield and Beardstown. The B&O had been one of the original tenants in Springfield Union Station, but after purchasing the Alton Railroad in 1931, B&O trains were shifted from Union Station to the former Chicago and Alton station. The Indianapolis service was discontinued west of Decatur during World War II, leaving only a single motorcar train serving Springfield on the Flora to Beardstown line. Following the sale of the Alton Railroad to the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad in 1947, the B&O motorcar train briefly returned to Springfield Union Station before being discontinued on March 24, 1951.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago, Peoria and St. Louis Railroad, another tenant in Union Station, provided passenger service from Springfield to Peoria and from Springfield to St. Louis via Waverly and Alton. After evolving into the Chicago and Illinois Midland Railroad, the company constructed a new passenger depot near the north end of their Springfield yard, almost two miles north of Union Station. Completion of this smaller station allowed C&IM to withdraw their remaining passenger operations from Springfield Union Station in 1937.</p><br>
<p>Springfield Union Station is one of five significant rail terminals which served Illinois&#39; capital city, and it was constructed in a far more ornate architectural style than the more utilitarian design of the other stations (Gulf, Mobile and Ohio, Great Western, Wabash, and Illinois Terminal.) The station was operated as a stub-end terminal by Illinois Central, and passenger trains backed into the station using now removed trackage which extended east along Madison Street to the Illinois Central mainline. This awkward operating arrangement reflected the original Illinois Central configuration with Springfield as an endpoint terminal rather than an intermediate station along a route.</p><br>
<p>One of the more prominent features of Springfield Union Station was a three-story (110 ft; 33m) clock tower. The tower made a striking addition to the Springfield skyline, helping the station become an immediately recognizable landmark. The hands on the clock faces were removed in 1936 as an economy move to avoid maintenance of the clock mechanism, and the tower was removed down to its base during the summer of 1946.</p><br>
<p>Passenger train service to and from Springfield Union Station ended on April 30, 1971, when the Governor&#39;s Special, the last Illinois Central passenger train between Springfield and Chicago, was discontinued as a result of the creation of Amtrak. Amtrak passenger trains continue to serve Springfield from the former Gulf, Mobile and Ohio station, located about three blocks west of Union Station.</p><br>
<h2>Redevelopment</h2><br>
<p>After passenger train service ended, Union Station housed several private businesses before being used for Illinois state offices until September, 2004. The building was extensively restored as the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library visitor center, which reopened in March 2007. As part of the $12.5 million restoration project, the clock tower was rebuilt, substantially returning the station to its pre-1936 appearance. Although the visitor center function was later discontinued, the station continues as an integral part of the ticket-access Lincoln Presidential Library, housing exhibits and audiovisual presentations about Lincoln&#39;s life. An admission fee is charged.</p><br>
<p>The fortifications of Xian, also known as Xian City Wall, in Xi&#39;an, an ancient capital of China, represent one of the oldest, largest and best preserved Chinese city walls. It was built under the rule of the Hongwu Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang as a military defense system. It exhibits the "complete features of the rampart architecture of feudal society". It has been refurbished many times since it was built in the 14th century, thrice at intervals of about 200 years in the later half of the 1500s and 1700s, and in recent years in 1983. The wall encloses an area of about 14 km&sup2</p><br>
<p>The Xian City Wall is on the tentative list of UNESCOs World Heritage Site under the title "City Walls of the Ming and Qing Dynasties". Since 2008, it is also on the list of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage of the Peoples Republic of China. Since March 1961, the Xian City Wall is a heritage National Historical and Cultural Unit.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Xian City Wall is located in the urban district of Xian City, which at one time was an imperial city during the periods of the Sui and Tang dynasties.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Zhu Yuanzhang, the first Emperor of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), was advised by Zhu Sheng, a sage, to build a fortified high wall around the city, create storage facilities for food and then establish his empire by unifying all the other states. Following the hermits advice, Zhu established the Ming dynasty, and then built a highly fortified wall over a previously existing palace wall of the Tang dynasty (618 -907). He started building the Xian City Wall, as the capital of northwestern Shaanxi Province in 1370. He incorporated the ancient fortified embankments built by the Sui and Tang Dynasties by including them in the walls western and southern parts, enlarging the eastern and northern parts. The edifice was built over an eight-year period and was well maintained during both the Ming Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty, which followed.</p><br>
<p>The wall was initially built solely from tamped earth. During the Longqing Emperors period (1568) the wall was strengthened by laying blue bricks on the top and exterior faces of the earthen walls. During the reign of Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty (1781), the wall was enlarged; drainage features, crenels and other modifications were made; and the structure as it is now seen came into existence. By the end of the Qing dynasty rule, the structure had begun to deteriorate. In a limited degree the Republican Authorities carried out maintenance of the wall, which was in a poor state. In the first decade of the 20th century, the walls defense system was considered to be of strategic importance, even though demolishing of similar walls in other regions of the country was undertaken following the 1911 Revolution. In 1926, the wall was attacked with bombs by enemy forces resulting in serious structural damage, but the city within the wall was not affected. During the Second World War, when the Japanese carried out air bombings from 1937 to 1940, the residents built around 1,000 bunkers, as anti-aircraft shelters within the wide base (thickness of more than 15 m) of the wall. A few escape openings were also made through the wall as passageways. Even later, new gates to allow traffic through the Xian Wall were constructed during the Republican rule.</p><br>
<p>According to the Shenboo Atlas of 1933, in the 1930s most people lived within the perimeter of the Xian Wall but still there were a lot of unoccupied open areas. Among the visitors who came to see the Xian Wall were American captain (later general) Stilwell in 1922 and the Czech sinologist Jaroslav Průšek (1906–1980) in 1933. In 1983, the administration of the Xian municipality carried out more renovations and additions to the wall. At that time, the Yangmacheng tower, the Zhalou sluice tower, the Kuixinglou dipper tower, the Jiaolou corner tower and the Dilou defense tower were all refurbished; the crumbling parts of the rampart were changed into gates; and the moat was restored. In May 2005, all of Xians ramparts were inter-connected.</p><br>
<p>The Xian City Wall was proposed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage of the Peoples Republic of China in 2008. UNESCO included the site in the tentative List of World Heritage Sites under the title "City Walls of the Ming and Qing Dynasties" as a cultural heritage designee under Criterion iii & iv. In March 1961, the Xi&#39;an City Wall was fully approved as a heritage site as a National Historical and Cultural Town.</p><br>
<p>Michelle Obama, the first lady of the United States, visited the Xi&#39;an City Wall on 24 March 2014, describing it as "a wall that has withstood war and famine and the rise and fall of dynasties".</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The Xi&#39;an Wall is rectangular in shape and has a total length of 14 km, with almost all stretches subjected to some kind of restoration or rebuilding. Along the top of the wall is a walkway, which would typically take four hours to cover. It is built in the Chinese architecture style. As a defense fortification, it was constructed with a moat, drawbridges, watch towers, corner towers, parapet walls and gate towers. The wall is 12 m in height with a width of 12 - at the top and base width of 15 -. Ramparts are built at intervals of 120 m, projecting from the main wall. There are parapets on the outer side of the wall, built with 5,984 crenels, which form "altogether protruding ramparts". There are four watch towers, located at the corners and the moat that surrounds the wall has a width of 18 m and depth of 6 m. The area within the wall is about 36 km&sup2, enclosing the small area of 14 km&sup2; occupied by the city.</p><br>
<p>The southern embrasured watchtower constructed in 1378, was destroyed by fire in 1926 during the civil war of 1926, and was restored in September 2014. This was done after a careful historical review of documents related to the historical features that existed before it was damaged. The other three watchtowers forming the northern, eastern and western gates of the wall were also examined during the planning phase of the modifications done for the South Tower. They were modified, without affecting the integrity of the wall, by an encompassing hall offering protection to the structures by using steel, wood work and the ancient-type tiles and bricks structure. Major gates have ramp access except the South Gate which has entry outside the walls.</p><br>
<p>There is an "Archery Tower", which provides security to one of the four gates of the Xi&#39;an wall. Created as a large trap-like chamber, capped by a tower filled with windows, it gave an advantageous position for archers to shoot arrows (in the initial years of building the wall) and later cannonballs at the opposing revolutionary forces. In the event that the enemy was able to breach the walls through the main gate they would become trapped in the small chamber that faced yet another gate and thus be easy targets for the defending troops.</p><br>
<p>District School No. 9, sometimes referred to as the Old Stone Schoolhouse, is located on NY 17A 1.4 mile  south of Goshen, New York. One of the first schools in the county, it remained in use for well over a century, possibly two.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>Its year of construction is not known. It falls sometime between 1723, when a local landowner deeded the surrounding 20 acres (8 ha) to the community for school purposes; and 1792, when the Goshen Repository carried an advertisement for a teacher for the school.</p><br>
<p>Legend has it that, during the Revolutionary War, George Washington was riding by on a trip from nearby Florida to his headquarters at Newburgh, and stopped briefly at the school to talk to the children.</p><br>
<p>Long referred to as the Borden Quarry School for a nearby excavation site, it was in use continuously until 1938. Fifty years later it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It is maintained today by the Minisink Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution.</p><br>
<p>Aveline&#39;s Hole is a cave at Burrington Combe in the limestone of the Mendip Hills, in Somerset, England.</p><br>
<p>The earliest scientifically dated cemetery in Britain, 10,200 and 10,400 years old, was found at Aveline&#39;s Hole. Much of the collection has been lost, and although more than fifty individuals are represented, there are only two complete skeletons. Perforated animal teeth, red ochre and seven pieces of fossil ammonite, suggest that some of the bodies were adorned.</p><br>
<p>A series of inscribed crosses found on the wall of the Aveline&#39;s Hole cave are believed to date from the early Mesolithic period just after the Ice Age. The pattern is said to be comparable with others known from Northern France, Germany and Denmark. A gate has been installed in the cave to protect the engraving, after consultations between English Heritage and other interested parties, including the landowner and English Nature.</p><br>
<p>The cave was rediscovered in 1797 by two men digging for a rabbit. The cave was excavated and the entrance enlarged in 1860 by William Boyd Dawkins who named it after his mentor William Talbot Aveline.</p><br>
<p>Access to the cave is controlled by the University of Bristol Spelæological Society and is restricted during the bat hibernation season.</p><br>
<p>Mount Burgess, 2,599 m, is a mountain in Yoho National Park and is part of the Canadian Rockies. It is located in the southwest buttress of Burgess Pass in the Emerald River and Kicking Horse River Valleys.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was named in 1886 by Otto Koltz after Alexander MacKinnon Burgess, the Deputy Minister of the Interior at the time.</p><br>
<p>In 1892, James J. McArthur was the first to ascend this mountain. He was completing a survey of the lands adjacent to the Canadian Pacific Railway.</p><br>
<p>In 1909, geologist Charles D. Walcott discovered the Burgess Shale deposit of fossils with fine details on Mount Burgess. The Burgess Shale is a black shale fossil bed (Lagerstätte) named after nearby Burgess Pass, in which are found new and unique species, many in fact constituting entire new phyla of life, and even today some of these unique species have proven impossible to classify. The fossils are especially valuable because they include appendages and soft parts that are rarely preserved.</p><br>
<p>The mountain has two summits. The lower north summit was named Walcott Peak in his honour.</p><br>
<p>Between 1954 and 1971, Mount Burgess was featured on the back of the Canadian ten-dollar bill. It is still informally called the "Ten Dollar Mountain" as a result.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, UNESCO declared the area a World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>The Hendre, , is Monmouthshires only full-scale Victorian country house, constructed in the Victorian Gothic style. It is located in the parish of Llangattock-Vibon-Avel, some 4 mi north-west of the town of Monmouth. Built in the eighteenth century as a shooting box, it was vastly expanded by the Rolls family in three stages throughout the nineteenth century and is most famous as the childhood home of Charles Stewart Rolls, co-founder of Rolls-Royce. The house is Grade II* Listed and is now the clubhouse of the Rolls of Monmouth Golf Club.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The Welsh word hendre derives from the Welsh words hen (meaning "old") and dre (meaning "farmstead"). The designation reflects the old Welsh custom of having two residences: one down in the valley, which was used in winter (hendre), and the other homestead in the uplands, where the family would live over the summer (hafod, haf being the Welsh word for "summer".</p><br>
<h2>Rolls family</h2><br>
<p>The ascent of the Rolls family to the aristocracy, and to the fortune used to develop the Hendre as the finest Victorian country house in Monmouthshire, was through marriage. James James of the parish of Llanvihangel-Ystern-Llewern, Monmouthshire settled in London and acquired a valuable estate in Southwark, Surrey.</p><br>
<p>He purchased several farms and parcels of land in Llanvihangel-Ystern-Llewern and Llangattock-Vibon-Avel between 1639 and 1648. In his will published in 1677 he left his estate to his only surviving child, Sarah, who was the wife of Dr Elisha Coysh, a physician from London. Their daughter married William Allen, who also bought land in Monmouthshire. William Allen&#39;s daughter and heir married her cousin Thomas Coysh. They were succeeded by their son Richard Coysh, who was succeeded by his sister Sarah (d. 1801), the eventual sole heir of the families of Coysh, Allen and James. Sarah married John Rolls (1735–1801) of the Grange, Bermondsey, and of the Hendre, Monmouthshire, sheriff of Monmouthshire 1794, bringing him much property both in Monmouthshire and London.</p><br>
<p>John Rolls died the day after his wife. John Rolls was succeeded by his son John Rolls (1776–1837) of the Hendre, who was succeed by his son John Etherington Welch Rolls (1807–70), sheriff of Monmouthshire 1842 (married Elizabeth Mary Long, granddaughter of William Carnegie, 7th Earl of Northesk). He was succeeded by his son John Allan Rolls (1837–1912), sheriff in 1875 and MP for Monmouthshire, 1880–1885, created Baron Llangattock of the Hendre, 1892.</p><br>
<p>John Allan Rollss enoblement brought the family, and the house, to its social apogee, culminating in a visit from the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George V and Queen Mary), who stayed with Lord and Lady Llangattock at the Hendre in late October – early November 1900. The Duke and Duchess were taken on motor car excursions by Charles Rolls, probably the first time that the royal couple had been in a car. This was an important event in the familys social history, confirming their elevation to the upper echelons of society.</p><br>
<p>Of John Allan&#39;s three sons, the most famous was Charles, the co-founder of Rolls Royce. As well as his interests in cars and aeroplanes, Charles was a keen balloonist, the Flight Magazine of January 1909 recording a flight from Monmouth:</p><br>
<p>Ballooning Home. On Saturday last the Hon. C. S. Rolls gave an exhibition of the possibilities of ballooning by taking his mother, Lady Llangattock, home by balloon. The ascent was made at Monmouth in the balloon " Mercury," the occupants of the basket being Lady Llangattock, Hon. C. S. Rolls, Hon. Mrs. Assheton – Harbord, Mr. Claud Crompton, and Mr. Charles Freeman, and the balloon landed on the lawn in front of Lord Llangattock&#39;s house, The Hendre.</p><br>
<p>In July 1910, Charles Rolls was killed when his Wright Flyer aircraft crashed during a flying display near Bournemouth, the first Briton to be killed in an aeronautical accident with a powered aircraft.</p><br>
<p>Lord Llangattock died in 1912. His heir was his first son John Maclean Rolls (1870–1916, dsp.), 2nd Baron Llangattock. He died at Boulogne in 1916 from wounds received at the Battle of the Somme. His younger brother, Henry Alan, having died four months previously, and none of Lord Llangattock&#39;s three sons having had children, the direct male line ended and John Maclean Rolls was succeeded by his sister Eleanor Georgiana (d. 1961), wife of John Courtown Edward Shelley.</p><br>
<p>With the death of Charles Rolls, Henry Allen Rolls and John Maclean Rolls and the extinction of the barony and surname in the male line, the estate passed back up the family through the closest member of the family with surviving descendants, Patricia Rolls, sister of John Allan Rolls. She had married John Taylor Harding of Pentwyn, vicar of Rockfield and Canon of Llandaff, son of John Harding of Henbury and they had four children (John Reginald Harding, Charles Allan Harding, Francis Henry Harding and George Valentine Harding). John Reginald Harding in turn married Elizabeth Margaret Saunders (daughter of Captain John Saunders of Fuzhou, China) and had five children. Upon the extinction of the Rolls branch, the estate came down to his son, John Charles Etherington Harding (born 1898, Xiamen), the first cousin once removed of the 2nd Baron Llangattock, who inherited the house, estate and surrounding farmland, changing his family name to Harding-Rolls for this purpose.</p><br>
<p>The Harding-Rolls branch of the family continued to live at The Hendre until 30 August 1984 when, following a failed time-share operation, it was sold to Effold Properties Limited. The mansion is presently the club house to golf course.</p><br>
<h2>Mansion</h2><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>The mansion began as a shooting lodge, for John Rolls (1776–1837), and the original manor house was expanded throughout the next one hundred years. The first of three expansions by the Rolls family began with the architect George Vaughan Maddox, who rebuilt parts of the south wing in 1830. John Rollss successor, John Etherington Welch Rolls, continued the mansions development, using Thomas Henry Wyatt as his architect. Wyatt extended the house in the period 1837–41, creating the great hall and improving the park, including the addition of the gate lodges on the Monmouth Road, and he continued the enlargement of the south wing, both to the east and to the west, between 1837 and 1858.</p><br>
<p>In 1872, the development began again with the removal of the old stables and the building of the present Coach House and loose boxes. At the same time, the core of the present house, being the Billiard Room, Smoking Room and Dining Room, were added. These final two stages of expansion were undertaken by John Etherington Welch Rolls&#39;s son, J. A. Rolls. Raised to the peerage as 1st Baron Llangattock, Rolls employed first Henry Pope, who completed the dining room wing and, secondly, Sir Aston Webb, who added the Cedar Library.</p><br>
<p>Immediately after the Second World War a private boys&#39; boarding school was briefly established at The Hendre. Ardmore School catered to British and foreign students with a Dr Jones as headmaster.</p><br>
<p>The school appears not to have flourished, as the London Gazette of 20 December 1949 lists Dr Jones, "present address(.)unknown, lately residing at and carrying on business at Ardmore Private School, The Hendre." for a bankruptcy hearing.</p><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>"The Hendre, a handsome mansion of brick and stone, in the Norman and Tudor styles." The house is constructed of red brick, dressed with Bath stone and comprises a courtyard bounded to the west by a low wall and on the three other sides by ranges of buildings. Above the porch is carved a motto, so beloved of the Victorians, reading "Open House Open Heart". The decoration is flamboyantly neo-Norman, "gargoyles and grotesque animal corbels (breaking) out wherever one looks." The front has two storeys and seven bays, the second, third and fourth belonging to the house of the 1820s. To the east, the scale and grandeur of the dining room range demonstrates J. A. Rolls&#39;s "escalating ambitions." Lastly, the wing added by Sir Aston Webb from 1896, comprising the Cedar Library and the later service wing, represents the house at its social and architectural peak.</p><br>
<p>The interior reflects the house&#39;s expansion, as the wealth and influence of the family increased, from the small but highly decorated rooms of the 1820s, through to the Great Hall of 1858, and lastly the dining room suite and the Cedar Library of its late Victorian/Edwardian apogee.</p><br>
<p>For all its antique, neo-Norman decoration, the house was technologically very advanced, the service court including "a gas-making house and an electricity-generating house to power the mechanisms which made The Hendre in Lord Llangattocks time a throughly forward-looking estate." In his book, "Black Mountains: The Recollections of a South Wales Miner", David Barnes notes his grandfather recalling that The Hendre had been the first house in Monmouthshire to have a telephone when John Allan Rolls installed a Gower Bell loud-speaking telephone in the house in May 1881.&#39; The house is a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h3>Gardens</h3><br>
<p>"The Hendre is the grandest and most important Victorian park and garden in Monmouthshire". Although a golf-course is now superimposed upon much of the parkland, resulting in the unfortunate neglect of much of the gardens, they still remain an essential example of late nineteenth/early twentieth-century garden design, demonstrating the high levels of design and landscaping, conducted mainly by Lord Llangattock towards the end of the 19th century, which accompanied the construction and enlargement of the house. The estate boasts an arboretum, stocked with specimen trees (including several ancient oaks), a landscaped lake with an artificial cascade created by James Pulham & Co. and three long drives, the most impressive designed by H.E. Milner in the 1890s. In its heyday it also contained formal sunken gardens with cast-iron fountains, pavilions, a boathouse and a parterre. The walled kitchen garden is one of the best preserved in Wales, containing two original greenhouses still in good condition. An article in the Gardeners&#39; Magazine of 1903 described the park thus; "The Hendre stands in a finely wooded park of a thousand acres’ extent, and is reached from the county road by a long drive of about two miles (3 km). This drive was made by Mr H.E. Milner (son of landscape gardener Edward Milner), from his Lordship’s own designs. It passes through plantations of the finest conifers, winding upward by easy gradients through oak wood and copse, revealing here and there broad stretches of open park bedded with bracken and peopled with herds of deer." The granary and attached barn, the stable block, the rose garden pavilion and fountain pool, the bridge and the Box Bush lodge at the park entrance are all Grade II Listed. The Swiss Cottage, a lodge at the head of the original main drive, was designed by Aston Webb and is Grade II* listed.</p><br>
<p>Sandwich Mountain  is a mountain located on the border between Carroll  and Grafton  counties, New Hampshire. The mountain is part of the Sandwich Range of the White Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Sandwich Mountain is flanked to the northeast by Mount Tripyramid, and to the southwest by Mount Weetamoo across Sandwich Notch. Several maintained hiking trails pass over the summit.</p><br>
<p>The north side of Sandwich Mtn. drains into Drakes Brook, thence into the Mad River, Pemigewasset River, Merrimack River, and thence into the Gulf of Maine at Newburyport, Massachusetts. The west side of Sandwich Mtn. drains into Smarts Brook, thence into the Mad River. The southwest flank of Sandwich Mtn. drains into the Beebe River, thence into the Pemigewasset River. The south side of Sandwich Mtn. drains into the Cold River, Bearcamp River, Ossipee River, and the Saco River, which reaches the Gulf of Maine at Saco, Maine. The east side of Sandwich Mtn. drains into Pond Brook, thence into the Cold River.</p><br>
<p>The Riverton Site is an archaeological site located immediately west of the Wabash River and northeast of Palestine, Illinois. The site, which dates from the Late Archaic period, is the type site of the Riverton culture. The Riverton culture, of which only three known sites had been discovered as of 1978, inhabited the central Wabash Valley and had distinct methods of making tools. The remains at the Riverton site can be separated into two areas: a manufacturing area with pits and a significant number of discarded tools, and a residential area with the clay floors of homes. The site was first noticed in the 1950s, and Dr. Frank Winters of the Illinois State Museum began excavations at the site in 1961.</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 18, 1978. It is one of three archaeological sites on the National Register in Crawford County; the other two sites, the Swan Island Site and the Stoner Site, were the other two known Riverton culture sites as of 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Swan Island Site is an archaeological site in Crawford County, Illinois, located north of the point where the Wabash River crosses the Lawrence County line. The shell midden site, located on a sandstone ridge in the Wabash River flood plain, was inhabited by people of the Riverton culture in the Late Archaic period. As of 1978, it is one of three known sites associated with the culture, which lived in the central Wabash Valley and had distinct methods of making tools. Archaeologists first found the site in the 1950s, and Dr. Howard Winters of the Illinois State Museum began excavations there in 1961.</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 18, 1978. It is one of three archaeological sites on the National Register in Crawford County; the other two are the Riverton Site and the Stoner Site, the other two known Riverton culture sites as of 1978.</p><br>
<p>Mount Webster is a mountain located on the border between Coos County and Carroll County, New Hampshire. The mountain, formerly called Notch Mountain, is named after Daniel Webster , and is the southwesternmost of the Presidential Range of the White Mountains. Mount Webster is flanked to the northeast by Mount Jackson; to the southwest it faces Mount Willey across Crawford Notch.</p><br>
<p>The west face of Mount Webster drains directly into the Saco River, thence into the Gulf of Maine at Saco, Maine. The north and southeast faces drain into the Saco via Silver Cascade and Webster Brook respectively.</p><br>
<p>Mount Webster is on the western boundary of the Presidential Range - Dry River Wilderness. The Appalachian Trail, a 2,170-mile (3,500-km) National Scenic Trail from Georgia to Maine, runs along the ridge of the Presidentials, across the summit of Webster.</p><br>
<p>The Stoner Site is a substantial archaeological site in the far eastern portion of the USA state of Illinois. Discovered during the Great Depression, the site has produced large numbers of artifacts from a prehistoric village that was once located there, and archaeological investigations have shown it to be one of the area&#39;s most important archaeological sites for the Allison-Lamotte culture. After more than a decade of fruitful research and predictions of potentially rich results from future work, it has been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Stoner lies in the middle of open fields several miles from the nearest community. Located near the Wabash River and about 4.5 mi south of the village of Hutsonville, the site is situationed in rural eastern Crawford County. It lies in the floodplain of a small stream, Sugar Creek, which flows about 1 m below the site, approximately 180 m to the northeast; the soil is largely clay, but due to the presence of the stream, much of the immediate vicinity is typically marshland. The surrounding countryside is the heavily glaciated prairies typical of much of Illinois, although before settlement the region straddled the boundary between the open plains to the west and the woodlands to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The predominant feature of the Stoner Site is a wide semicircular midden that is believed to have been the site of a prehistoric village. With a diameter of almost 450 ft and a height of nearly 1 ft, the midden contains numerous postholes, but its most prominent feature is found at its northeastern corner: a substantial mound measuring 33 m by 24 m and approximately 1.5 m high. Despite its prominent size, the mound has been greatly reduced since the middle of the 20th century; before that time, the site was covered by woods, but cultivation since that time has reduced the mound from its previous height of 2.4 m.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>The Illinois Archaeological Survey first recorded the Stoner Site in 1930 and carried out a minimal field survey at the site, collecting materials that could be found at the surface. Aside from occasional reckless digging into the mound in the early 1950s by the owners, no further work of any sort was done for nearly thirty years. Local resident Denzil Stephens, an amateur archaeologist, conducted far more detailed work at the site starting in the late 1950s: besides investigating the mound, he excavated the surrounding field and discovered the midden and village site. By digging test pits at regular intervals and removing everything down to the subsoil, he demonstrated the existence of a village: by the early 1960s, he had revealed more than three hundred postholes and thus shown the complete outline of one house and portions of outlines for eleven other buildings. Stephens returned to the site once more in the late 1960s to test an area away from his previous excavations; this excavations nearly complete absence of discoveries helped to demonstrate the sites boundaries.</p><br>
<p>Due to the cursory work done by the IAS field survey in the early 1930s, few artifacts from Stoner were known until Stephens began working at the site. His early excavations revealed unfamiliar types of pottery and hitherto-unknown forms of projectile points. As he returned to the site in the 1960s, he began to uncover plentiful cultural materials, including many projectile points identified as the work of the Allison-Lamotte culture, numerous stone tools (e.g. scrapers and, plus more than three hundred lamellar flint knives), gorgets, and projectile points strongly resembling those found at the Merom Site in the nearby town of Merom, Indiana. Clay artifacts are also known at the site; the owners found pieces of pipes while digging around the mound, Stephens&#39; excavations yielded more pipe pieces and one substantial clay figurine, and more than five thousand potsherds of various types have been recovered. Excavations yielded virtually no evidence of shellfish consumption by the inhabitants, which contrasts strongly with comparable nearby sites, such as the Daugherty-Monroe Site northwest of Merom.</p><br>
<h2>Conclusions</h2><br>
<p>Stephens unfamiliarity with the artifacts that he found in his early excavations led him to suggest that the village was populated by members of a previously unknown culture. His further work permitted the inhabitants to be identified as members of the Middle Woodland period Allison-Lamotte culture, which was first defined in 1963, and which flourished from around the birth of Christ until AD 400. The arrangement of the postholes enabled him to understand the site as a collection of circular houses (typically 22 ft in diameter) partially encircling a central plaza. Later research demonstrated similar town planning at other Allison-Lamotte sites, and the placement of a mound near the midden has also been shown to be a common feature for Allison-Lamotte villages. Unlike many of the mounds built by other peoples of the Woodland period, Allison-Lamotte mounds were sometimes built for non-mortuary purposes; the owners inability to find grave goods in the mound is comparable to the results of looting at many other mounds of the culture. Small elements of other cultures appear at Stoner; the Havana Hopewell left minimal artifacts, and the locally prominent Riverton culture of the earlier Archaic period was also present, but their artifacts are few and insignificant compared to those of the Allison-Lamotte period. Particularly rich is the collection of earthenware from the site, which is so comprehensive as to make it a potential type site for the culture&#39;s pottery.</p><br>
<p>As a well-preserved Allison-Lamotte village, Stoner is unusually valuable: it retains substantial evidence of that cultures occupation, and this evidence is unmixed with materials from other cultures. As a result, the Illinois Archaeological Survey deemed it the states purest example of the culture, and two of its archaeologists predicted that future excavations would be able to gain crucial evidence of daily life from its richness and purity. Into the late 1970s, the distinctions between Allison-Lamotte and contemporary cultures elsewhere in the region were poorly known, so the IAS archaeologists suggested that excavations at Stoner would permit researchers to draw much clearer conclusions about the relationships between the different cultures living along the Middle Wabash in the Middle Woodland period.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the Stoner Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its archaeological potential. It is one of three archaeological sites in Crawford County to be accorded this distinction, along with the Riverton Site (type site for the Riverton culture) and the Riverton-era clam shell midden known as the Swan Island Site.</p><br>
<p>The Robinson High School Auditorium-Gymnasium, also known as the RHS Gym was a historic gymnasium located on the campus of Robinson High School in Robinson, Illinois. The gym was constructed in 1939 using funds granted by the Public Works Administration. The Art Deco building featured fluted columns around its entrance, glass-block windows at the entrance and east and west sides, and curved metal awnings. Both high school athletic events and public events were held in the building, as Robinson had no other large public space suitable for hosting community events at the time.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. The building was demolished after the construction of a new gymnasium in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Eastwater Cavern is a cave near Priddy in the limestone of the Mendip Hills, in Somerset, England. It is also known as Eastwater Swallet. It was first excavated in April 1902 by a team led by Herbert E. Balch composed of paid labourers and volunteers from the Wells Natural History Society. Progress was initially slow, but by February 1903 Balch and Willcox had discovered substantial passage, following the streamway down to the bottom of the cave. Dolphin Pot was dug in 1940 by the Wessex Cave Club, with Primrose Pot following in 1950. West End series was the most recent significant discovery,in 1983.</p><br>
<p>On 28 August 1910 severe flooding rendered the boulder ruckles unstable, and the bottom of the cave was not reached again for another three years. The cavern was the site of a fatal accident in 1960, when Alan Hartnell was hit by rock-fall. Several areas of the boulder chokes remain unstable.</p><br>
<p>Dolphin ladder pitch also suffered a rock fall and was blocked by a sofa-sized boulder in 1959, but the route was re-opened in 1966.</p><br>
<p>The water resurges at Wookey Hole Caves 4 km to the south, and 180 m below the cave entrance.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The entrance proceeds through boulders towards the upper traverse, a wide bedding-plane angled 40 degrees downwards. Further passage takes the caver downwards towards the canyon. The lower levels are accessed via pitches and climbs, including Primrose Pot, which at 57 m is one of the deepest vertical pitches on the Mendips.</p><br>
<p>The Indian Ford Bridge was one of nine metal highway bridges in Fulton County, Illinois listed on the National Register of Historic Places. This particular one was located along County Highway 20 as spans the Spoon River, 1.5 mi southwest of London Mills. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 29, 1980, along with the eight other bridges, as one of the "Metal Highway Bridges of Fulton County." Some of the other bridges included London Mill&#39;s only other Registered Historic Place, the now demolished London Mills Bridge. Other demolished bridges include the Elrod Bridge, Duncan Mills Bridge and Buckeye Bridge.</p><br>
<p>Indian Ford Bridge is one of the five bridges submitted under the Fulton County Metal Highway Bridges Multiple Property Submission to have been demolished since its inclusion on the Register.</p><br>
<p>Indian Ford was a crossing of the Spoon River named by Job Babbit, an early Fulton County pioneer who helped survey a road from Farmington to Burlington in 1835 and named Union Township. According to Chapman&#39;s History of Fulton County (p. 886), Babbit discovered, where the road crossed the river, a trough made from an elm log that was fastened to the fork of a tree. It contained the skeletal remains of an American Indian.</p><br>
<p>The Mölssee or Lake Moels can be found at the upper part of the Wattental valley at a height of 2,240 metres. With an area of 0.0346 km², it is one larger lakes in the area. The lake can be reached by following the Wattental Road beginning in Wattens. Then above the Moels Alp the lake may be gained by walking up a pretty steep trail heading for the Moels col . The mountain lake lies within a military training area, so it can be only visited at certain particular times.</p><br>
<p>Water temperature: 11 - 13 °C</p><br>
<h2>Water quality</h2><br>
<p>The crystal-clear, clean, mountain lake water has a very high drinking water quality and is a habitat for fish such as carp and trout. The lake is very cold and, even in midsummer, temperatures of 16 °C are rarely reached.</p><br>
<h2>Inflow and outflow</h2><br>
<p>The Mölsbach is the natural outflow and drains the lake and is one of the headstreams of the Wattenbach (Inn). It has a length of 4,35 kilometres and together with the Lizum stream it forms the Wattenbach at Walchen Camp.</p><br>
<p>GB Cave is a cave between Charterhouse and Shipham in the limestone of the Mendip Hills, in Somerset, England, and is close to Charterhouse Cave, the deepest in the region.</p><br>
<p>The cave was first entered on 19 November 1939, after ten months of digging, by the University of Bristol Spelæological Society, and was named in recognition of the two members, F. J. Goddard and C. C. Barker, who had done most of the work involved in its discovery. The cave is located within the Cheddar Complex and the 17-acre GB Gruffy nature reserve and is close to Charterhouse Cave, the deepest cave in the region.</p><br>
<p>Ladder Dig broke through in 1966 to gain access to the extremely well-decorated Bat Passage.</p><br>
<p>The entrance to the cave is kept locked, and access is controlled by the Charterhouse Caving Company.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>GB Cave is remarkable for the Gorge, a river-passage up to 6 m wide, 12 m high and 90 m long, which opens into the even larger Main Chamber (20 m wide, 23 m high, 122 m long). Together these two form what was thought to be largest known space under the Mendip Hills, until the discovery of "The Frozen Deep" in Reservoir Hole in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Further into the cave is the Great Chamber, another large space, and a number of other chambers in the cave are well-decorated.</p><br>
<p>The trace elements Magnesium, Strontium and Barium have been found by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) from three Holocene speleothems taken from the Great Chamber.</p><br>
<p>Tarter&#39;s Ferry Bridge was one of nine metal highway bridges in Fulton County, Illinois listed on the National Register of Historic Places. This particular one was a 9-panel Parker through truss that carried Tarter Ferry Road over the Spoon River near Smithfield, Illinois. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 29, 1980, along with the eight other bridges, as one of the "Metal Highway Bridges of Fulton County. The bridge was one of three in Smithfield listed on the Register, the others are the Bernadotte Bridge and the destroyed Buckeye Bridge, as well as the demolished Elrod Bridge. Others, such as the Duncan Mills Bridge in Lewistown, are located throughout the county.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was washed off its substructure during a flood in the spring of 2013. It had been abandoned for many years.</p><br>
<p>This bridge has a page on.</p><br>
<p>Shakespeare is a ghost town in Hidalgo County, New Mexico, United States. It is currently part of a privately owned ranch, sometimes open to tourists. The entire community was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Founded as a rest stop called Mexican Springs along a stagecoach route, it was renamed Grant after the Civil War, after General U. S. Grant. When silver was discovered nearby it became a mining town called Ralston City, named after financier William Chapman Ralston. It was finally renamed Shakespeare, and was abandoned when the mines closed in 1929.</p><br>
<p>On November 9, 1881, Old West outlaws "Russian Bill" Tattenbaum and Sandy King, both cattle rustlers and former members of the Clanton faction of Charleston, Arizona Territory, were lynched in Shakespeare, and their bodies were left hanging for several days as a reminder to others that lawlessness would not be tolerated. The two had been captured by gunman "Dangerous Dan" Tucker, who at the time was the Shakespeare town marshal.</p><br>
<p>Goatchurch Cavern is a cave on the edge of Burrington Combe in the limestone of the Mendip Hills, in Somerset, England.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Due to early attempts to turn it into a show cave, there are the remains of iron handrails inside the cave. There is a large amount of decoration throughout the cave. Many of the surfaces within are highly polished and slippery, as a result of numbers visiting over many decades, which have also damaged the decoration.</p><br>
<p>The cave is especially popular for training people who are new to caving. This is due to its easy access and wide range of experiences that do not necessitate the use of special equipment such as ropes or ladders. The two entrances to the cave enable cavers to do a through trip.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest written record of this cave was in 1736 when John Strachey of Sutton Court at nearby Stowey made reference to "guy Hole" or "Goechurch". In 1829 John Rutter wrote about the large cave and in 1864 William Boyd Dawkins referred to it as "The Goatchurch" although he also used the name "Goat&#39;s Hole" in 1874. It is possible that the local dialect corrupted "Guy" into "Goat" to provide the current name.</p><br>
<p>It is thought that Goatchurch Cavern was explored by lead miners in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Around 1900 the owner unsuccessfully tried to turn it into a show cave. In 1924 UBSS dug open the second entrance.</p><br>
<p>Notes of exploration in the 1920s record finds from the Pleistocene period including bones of mammoth, bear, hyaena and cave lion.</p><br>
<p>During November 2003 inscribed marks were noticed in Goatchurch Cavern while cleaning away graffiti. Three finely cut marks were uncovered, resembling the letter W with a patina darker than in nearby graffiti dated 1704. These have been identified as ritual protection marks, possibly dating from the period 1550 to 1750. The term ritual protection mark was preferred to the description "witch marks".</p><br>
<h2>Surveys</h2><br>
<p>The cave is historically understood to be approximately 750 metres (2,500 ft) long, although 1500 m (4900 ft) of surveyed passage has been measured (UBSS, unpublished survey, pending: 2007) and reaches a surveyed depth of 61.5 m (202 ft). It has two entrances and a complex network of predominately dry passages terminating, for most visitors, in a thin phreatic tube known as The Drainpipe or The Bunny Run. This is a long tight wriggle through 30 ft (9 m) of passageway that is only practically navigable whilst travelling forwards, something that is of relevance due to the Drainpipe terminating in a small blind-ending boulder chamber; meeting another caver halfway is not a pleasant experience. Another notable feature of the cave is The Coffin Lid. This is where a rock, often likened to a coffin by cavers, partially blocks the way down.</p><br>
<p>A survey was conducted within Goatchurch Cavern to investigate the effect of seasonal variations on the recorded radon concentration, from which an average summer to winter ratio of 4.79 was determined. Radiation doses to users of the caves were estimated and for occupational cavers doses of in excess of 16 mSv were found to be likely.</p><br>
<p>Walker Memorial Hall is a historic community meeting hall on Highland Road in Bridgton, Maine. Built in 1892 to a design by Frederick A. Tompson, it is a well-preserved local example of eclectic Queen Anne architecture, and continues to be a significant community meeting center, hosting social events and meetings of local organizations. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Walker Memorial Hall is set in a rural-suburban residential area north of the Bridgton&#39;s town center, on the east side of Highland Road north of the golf course. It is a two story wood frame structure, with a hip roof and an exterior of clapboard and wooden shingles. The street-facing side of the roof is pierced by wall dormers with false half-timbering, and a three-story tower rises at the southwest corner, topped by an open belfry and pyramidal roof with mini-gables decorated with Stick style woodwork. The main entrance is in the base of the tower, with a small hip-roofed portico projecting to the west.</p><br>
<p>The hall was built in 1892 with funds bequested to the community by Joseph Walker, a wealthy summer resident of the town. The hall has been used for church services, private parties, dances, and theatrical productions. It was designed by Portland architect Frederick A. Tompson, one of the area&#39;s leading architects of the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Puzzle Lake is a lake near Geneva in Seminole County, Florida. It forms the border of Volusia and Seminole counties. It is one of the lakes that make up the St. Johns River system. 1,627 yd north of the lake is the mouth of the tributary, the Econlockhatchee River. It has a surface area of 1,300 acre. 3.2 mi downriver is</p><br>
<p>Lake Harney, the start of the river becoming a wetland (upriver). It will become a narrow river again past Lake Poinsett in Brevard County. The lake is named after this because the navigable portions of the lake change seasonally depending on the amount of rainfall. When the waters recede, previously known boat routes can be hindered by new, submersed, sandbars and deep water channels that are completely different from the year before.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>On the lakes eastern boundary is Volusia and Brevard counties. To the north is the Econlockhatchee River and Lake Harney. To the west is Geneva, and to the south is Christmas.</p><br>
<p>Boaters beware of numerous fence posts and barbed wire.</p><br>
<p>White Hall State Historic Site is a 14 acre park in Richmond, Kentucky, southeast of Lexington.</p><br>
<h2>White Hall</h2><br>
<p>The site&#39;s major feature is White Hall, the home of Kentucky legislator Cassius Marcellus Clay. He was an anti-slavery newspaper publisher, politician, soldier and Minister to Russia through the Lincoln, Johnson and Grant administrations. He published True American for nearly 25 years.</p><br>
<p>This restored 44-room Italianate began as a 7 room structure built in 1798-1799 by General Green Clay. It was expaned and remodeled in the early 1860&#39;s to the structure seen today.</p><br>
<p>The site became part of the state park system in 1968.</p><br>
<p>On April 12, 2011 White Hall was designated as a national historic site in journalism by the Society of Professional Journalists, because of Clay&#39;s career as a publisher.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The houses restoration was completed and optn to the public in 1971 under the leadership of Kentuckys First Lady Beula C. Nunn, with assistance of the Kentucky Mansions Preservation Foundation. In addition to the heirloom and period furnishings, White Hall has many unique features for its day, including indoor plumbing and central heating.</p><br>
<p>Big Four Mountain is a mountain in the Cascade Range of Washington, located 21 mi east of Granite Falls. The mountain is about 6,180 ft high. At the bottom of its steep, 4,200 ft high north face, debris piles form from avalanches and are able to remain there year round because of the continuous shade provided by the mountain. At an elevation between 2,450 ft and 1,950 ft, this ice forms the lowest-elevation glacier in the lower 49 states. During the summer, snow-melt streams flow beneath the debris piles and cause caves to be formed in the ice.</p><br>
<p>The Big Four Ice Caves Trail, a designated National Recreation Trail, (#723) is one of the most popular hikes in the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest attracting over 50,000 visitors per year. Frequently exceeding several hundred hikers per day, the trailhead&#39;s two separate parking areas are often filled beyond capacity occasionally forcing hikers to park along neighboring Mountain Loop Road.</p><br>
<p>A severe autumn storm in November 2006 caused flooding of the South Fork Stillaguamish River destroying a major footbridge to the Big Four Ice Caves. Estimated repair costs to replace the damaged span were approximately $425,000, and repairs were completed in June 2009. While the trail is open to the public, the snowfield itself is off-limits due to cave-ins and slides which have killed hikers in incidents in 1998, 2010, and in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Big Four cliffs are shown in the opening scene of the music video of rapper Macklemores song "Cant Hold Us."</p><br>
<p>The Tseax Cone, also called the Tseax River Cone or the Aiyansh Volcano, is a young cinder cone and adjacent lava flows associated with the Nass Ranges and the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province. It is located east of Crater Creek at outlet of Melita Lake, southeast of Gitlakdamix and 60 km north of Terrace, British Columbia, Canada.</p><br>
<p>The volcano is in a valley above and east of the Tseax River, about 20 km south of the river&#39;s junction with the larger Nass River. The Tseax Cone is one of the most accessible volcanic centres in British Columbia.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Tseax Cone is in the southern part of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province and is therefore part of the Ring of Fire. It has been the site of some of the youngest volcanic eruptions in Canada. It has been active at least twice in the past few hundred years and other remnants of lava flows exist in the area. It is 290 m in diameter at its base and rests on the remnants of an earlier and somewhat larger, dissected, 460 m diameter cone.</p><br>
<p>Volcanism at the Tseax Cone is caused by the rifting of the Earth&#39;s crust where two parts of the North American Plate are breaking apart. The rifting is the result of the Pacific Plate sliding northward along the transform Queen Charlotte Fault, on its way to the Aleutian Trench.</p><br>
<p>The lava emitted in eruptions at the Tseax Cone is fluid. Its lavas are made of basalt, a common grey to black or dark brown extrusive volcanic rock low in silica content (the lava is mafic) that is usually fine-grained due to rapid cooling of lava on the Earth&#39;s surface. Pāhoehoe is found at the volcano, which has a smooth, billowy, undulating, or ropy surface. A pāhoehoe flow typically advances as a series of small lodes and toes that continually break out from a cooled crust. It also forms lava tubes where the minimal heat loss maintains low viscosity. However, there is also basaltic lava at the volcano characterized by a rough or rubbly surface composed of clinker called ʻaʻā. The clinkery surface covers a massive dense core, which is the most active part of the flow. As pasty lava in the core travels downslope, the clinkers are carried along at the surface.</p><br>
<h2>17th century eruption</h2><br>
<p>The Tseax Cone was the source for a major lava flow eruption between 1668 and 1714 that travelled into the Tseax River, damming it and forming Lava Lake. The flow subsequently travelled 11 km north to the Nass River, where it filled the flat valley floor for an additional 10 km, making the entire lava flow approximately 22.5 km long.</p><br>
<p>The Nass River valley contains abundant tree casts and lava tubes. The tree casts were formed when the hot lava flow burned out tree trunks leaving holes in the lava. Lava tubes formed when the low-viscosity hot alkali basaltic lava travelled beneath the surface which eventually flowed out leaving the crust as the roof and walls of the tubes.</p><br>
<p>Legends of the Nisgaa people tell of a prolonged period of disruption by the volcano, including the destruction of two Nisgaa villages. Several Nisgaa people dug pits for shelter but approximately 2,000 Nisgaa people died due to volcanic gases and poisonous smoke (most likely asphyxiation by carbon dioxide). The Nisgaa story of the destruction is Canadas worst known geophysical disaster.</p><br>
<p>The lava beds, which reach 12 m above the road in some places, are the burial ground of these people. It is the only eruption in Canada for which legends of First Nations people have been verified. The lava flow can also be found near modern Nisga&#39;a villages, such as Gitlakdamix. This eruption is just one of hundreds that have modified the landscape of western Canada over the past million years.</p><br>
<p>It has recently been suggested that the Tseax eruption was related to the Cascadia earthquake of 26 January 1700. This was the most powerful earthquake during the last 1000 years in the Pacific Northwest. If this theory is substantially correct, then another hazard must be added to those risks associated with major megathrust earthquakes.</p><br>
<h2>Future and present</h2><br>
<p>As of 2015, the volcano quietly rests in the 17,683-hectare Nisga&#39;a Memorial Lava Beds Provincial Park. But the Tseax Cone could reawaken at any time. Before the 18th century eruption, the volcano erupted in 1325. Gases currently being emitted by the volcano are evidence that the volcano is still active and potentially dangerous. Signs of unrest such as seismic activity and increased gas output will almost certainly precede any future eruptive activity from the Tseax Cone, and its past activity is an extremely important factor for hazard assessment.</p><br>
<p>If the Tseax Cone erupts again, there may be a repeat of the poisonous gas disaster (as happened to the Nisga&#39;a people). It could cause forest fires and could dam local rivers (as happened to the Tseax and Nass River) if the volume of the lava flows is large enough. If the lava flows again reach the Nass River, it could have disastrous short-term consequences for the important salmon fisheries on the Nass River system.</p><br>
<p>People living in the region still have limited knowledge of the dangers of the Tseax Cone if it becomes active or erupts. The relative lack of knowledge on the previous eruptions would need modern monitoring and include studies of the gases emitted by the volcano. Warning systems for people living downslope and downwind from the volcano would need to be created.</p><br>
<p>Xiaochangliang is the site of some of the earliest paleolithic remains in East Asia, located in the Nihewan Basin in Yangyuan County, Hebei, China, most famous for the stone tools discovered there.</p><br>
<h2>Stone tools</h2><br>
<p>The tool forms discovered include side and end scrapers, notches, burins, and disc cores. Although it is generally more difficult to date Asian sites than African sites because Asian sites typically lack volcanic materials that can be dated isotropically, the age of the tools has been magnetostratigraphically dated as 1.36 million years. This method hinges upon dated reversals in the Earth&#39;s magnetic field.</p><br>
<h2>Research</h2><br>
<p>The site was first discovered by the US geologist George Barbour in 1923. Barbour invited French archaeologists Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and Émile Licent. In 1935 Teilhard found a stone (flint) tool and determined the age of the site to be over a million years – it was the oldest artefact then known. Many scientists, including Teilhard, debated whether this tool might not be naturally formed.</p><br>
<p>The discovery by Pei Wenzhong of Peking Man hundreds of kilometers to the south (followed by wars and revolution) distracted the attention of the world&#39;s scientific community. However, from 1972 to 1978 more than 2000 pieces of stone tools were discovered, together with some bone tools, which confirmed Xiaochangliang (or Nihewan) as a paleolithic site.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, Wei Qi, then 44, found a huge hominid settlement at Donggutuo Village. He took samples to Pei, whose Peking Man was not half as old. "He said nothing," said Wei. "But I guess he had accepted it." Pei died of a heart attack a few days later.</p><br>
<p>Johnstone Strait is a 110 km channel along the north east coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. Opposite the Vancouver Island coast, running north to south, are Hanson Island, West Cracroft Island, the mainland British Columbia Coast, Hardwicke Island, West Thurlow Island and East Thurlow Island. At that point, the strait meets Discovery Passage which connects to Georgia Strait.</p><br>
<p>The strait is between 2.5 km and 5 km wide. It is a major navigation channel on the west coast of North America. It is the preferred channel for vessels from the Georgia Strait leaving to the north of Vancouver Island through the Queen Charlotte Strait bound for Prince Rupert, Queen Charlotte Islands, Alaska, and the North Pacific Ocean, and for southbound vessels from those areas bound for the Port of Vancouver.</p><br>
<p>The Strait is home to approximately 150 orca whales during the summer months, which are often seen by kayakers and boaters packed with tourists. Scientists including Michael Bigg and Paul Spong have been researching the orcas in the Strait since 1970. Spong established the OrcaLab, based on studying the Orcas in their natural habitat without interfering with their lives or their habitat. The strait includes the Robson Bight (Michael Bigg) Ecological Reserve.</p><br>
<p>The Strait was named by Vancouver for James Johnstone, master of the armed tender Chatham. In 1792, his survey party established that Vancouver Island was an island.</p><br>
<p>There are no cities or towns along the length of the strait. Telegraph Cove and Robson Bight on Vancouver Island are along the strait near its north end and the village of Sayward on Kelsey Bay is near its midpoint.</p><br>
<p>Deva Victrix, or simply Deva, was a legionary fortress and town in the Roman province of Britannia on the site of the modern city of Chester. The fortress was built by the Legio II Adiutrix in the AD 70s as the Roman army advanced north against the Brigantes, and rebuilt completely over the next few decades by the Legio XX Valeria Victrix. In the early 3rd century the fortress was again rebuilt. The legion probably remained at the fortress until the late 4th or early 5th century, upon which it fell into disuse.</p><br>
<p>A civilian settlement, or canabae, grew around the fortress. Chester Roman Amphitheatre south-west of the fortress is the largest known military amphitheatre in Britain. The civilian settlement remained after the Romans departed, eventually becoming the present-day city of Chester. There were peripheral settlements around Roman Deva, including Boughton, the source of the garrison&#39;s water supply, and Handbridge, the site of a sandstone quarry and the Minerva Shrine. The shrine is the only in situ, rock-cut Roman shrine in Britain.</p><br>
<p>The fortress contained barracks, granaries, headquarters, military baths, and an unusual elliptical building which had it been finished may have been intended to act as the governor of Britain&#39;s headquarters. Several factors including the uniqueness of the elliptical building, the method of construction, and the unusual size of the fortress – 20% larger than other Roman fortresses in Britain – suggest that it may have been intended as the base for a potential invasion of Ireland, and perhaps eventually to become the capital of the unified British Isles under Rome.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Foundation</h3><br>
<p>According to the 1st and 2nd century geographer Ptolemy, Deva was in the lands of the Cornovii. Their land bordered that of the Brigantes in the north and the Ordovices in the west and included parts of what is now Cheshire, Shropshire, and north Wales. When the Romans&#39; treaty with the Brigantes – who occupied most of what is now Northern England – failed the Romans embarked on military conquest of the area. The campaigns were initially led by Sextus Julius Frontinus and later Gnaeus Julius Agricola. Their expansion into the north of Britannia during the reign of Vespasian meant that the Romans needed a new military base. Chester was a strategic site for a fortress, commanding access to the sea via the River Dee and dividing the Brigantes from the Ordovices. Legio II Adiutrix was sent to Chester and began the construction of a legionary fortress in the mid AD 70s.</p><br>
<p>The fortress was built on a sandstone bluff, overlooking the bridge crossing the river and close to the natural harbour which is today occupied by the Chester Racecourse. The bend in the River Dee provided protection from the south and the west. The river was navigable up to the sandstone ridge, so positioning the fortress beyond it would have made access to the harbour difficult. supplied by fresh water piped in from natural springs in the suburb of Boughton 1.6 km to the east.</p><br>
<p>Lead ingots discovered in Chester indicate that construction was probably under way by AD 74. There may already have been military buildings on the site, but if so they were demolished to allow the construction of the fortress. The first buildings were constructed from wood, probably for convenience. Defence was provided by a 6 m wide rampart and a ditch 3 m wide and 1.5 m deep. The rampart was made from turf laid over sand, clay, rubble, and layers of logs.</p><br>
<p>The fortress was laid out in the traditional playing card shape – rectangular with rounded corners – and had four gates: north, east, south and west. It covered 25 hectare, making it the largest constructed in Britain during the 70s. An estimated 24,664 metric tons of timber was used in the first phase of the fortress&#39; construction; buildings outside but associated with the fortress, such as the harbour and the amphitheatre, would have required an additional 31,128 metric tons. The fortress contained barracks, granaries (horrea), headquarters (principia), and baths (thermae). The barrack blocks each measured 82.5 by and were built using wattle and daub.</p><br>
<p>The name Deva Victrix derives from goddess, and the Roman fortress was named after the goddess of the River Dee; the Latin for goddess is dea or diva. There is an alternative source for the naming of the settlement which suggests that the Roman name for the fortress was adopted directly from the British name of the river. It is thought that the title victrix in the name of the fortress was taken from the title of the Legio XX Valeria Victrix who were based at Deva; victrix is Latin for victorious. The name for the city of Chester derives from the Latin word castrum (plural: castra), meaning "fort" or "army camp": "-chester" and "-caster" are common suffixes in the names of other English cities that began as Roman camps.</p><br>
<h3>Under Legio XX Valeria Victrix</h3><br>
<p>In 88 AD, the Emperor Domitian ordered the Legio II Adiutrix to the lower Danube. The Legio XX Valeria Victrix was deployed to garrison Deva Victrix, abandoning the fort they had been building in Scotland, at Inchtuthil. On their arrival they began to rebuild Deva, first in timber and from the end of the 1st century in stone. The defensive ditch was re-dug and was 7.5 m wide and 2.45 m deep. An estimated 55,452 metric tons of stone were used to build the new fortress defences. The timber barracks were replaced with stone buildings of a similar size.</p><br>
<p>During the 2nd century, at least part of the Legio XX Valeria Victrix took part in the construction of Hadrian&#39;s Wall, leading to some sections of the fortress being abandoned and others being allowed to fall into disrepair. The Legio XX Valeria Victrix probably went on campaign in 196 under Decimus Clodius Albinus into Gaul, leaving Deva under-garrisoned. They would have suffered heavy losses in Gaul before returning to Britain.</p><br>
<p>Following attacks against barbarians in the early 3rd century under Septimius Severus, the fortress at Deva was again rebuilt, this time using an estimated 309,181 metric tons of stone. Although both Gildas and Bede located the early 4th-century Roman martyrs, Julius and Aaron, in the "City of the Legions", generally identified as being Isca Augusta (Caerleon) rather than Deva. During the 4th century the size of the legion, and therefore of the garrison, may have diminished in line with the rest of the empire&#39;s forces.</p><br>
<h3>Decline and abandonment</h3><br>
<p>Most of the fortress&#39; major buildings were still being maintained in the second half of the 4th century and the barracks were still inhabited. Up to 383 soldiers at Chester were being paid by coins from the imperial mints; after this the soldiers may have been removed by Magnus Maximus when he invaded Gaul in 383. The Notitia Dignitatum, written in around 395, does not record any military units garrisoned at Deva, indicating the fortress was no longer used by the military at this stage. If it was still used by the military, this would have ended by 410 when the Romans retreated from Britannia and the Western Roman Emperor Honorius told the cities of Britain to look to their own defences against invaders. The civilians probably continued to use the fortress and its defences as protection from raiders in the Irish Sea.</p><br>
<p>Inhabitation of Chester continued on a lesser scale once the legions had left. Buildings would have fallen into disrepair, although some of the larger structures are known to have survived for some time. The town nevertheless probably remained the military and administrative centre of the region. Medieval chroniclers believed the church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul – later the site of Chester Cathedral – to be of Roman origin, although no evidence has been discovered to support this. When Chester became an Anglo-Saxon burh in 907, the walls of the fortress were repaired and incorporated into the defences. Much of the Roman masonry was reused in later periods.</p><br>
<h3>Later history and investigation</h3><br>
<p>In the 14th century Ranulf Higden, a monk in Chester, described some of the Roman remains, including the sewers and tombstones. Antiquarians began to take interest in the remains in the 17th century and interest continued to grow in the 18th century, fed by accounts of Roman Chester and discoveries such as an altar to Jupiter Tanarus. Jupiter Tanarus – also Taranis – was the Romanised version of the god Taranis who was the equivalent of Jupiter the god of thunder. In 1725, William Stukeley recorded the Roman arches of the east gate; they were demolished in 1768. Over the next century, accidental discoveries continued, such as parts of the Roman bath complex outside the fortress which were destroyed by a late-18th-century housing development.</p><br>
<p>The Chester Archaeological Society, founded in 1849, acquired artefacts discovered in Chester and undertook excavations where possible; the Grosvenor Museum was opened in 1886 to allow the public to view the society&#39;s collection. The society continued to work in Chester, recording information on the fortress and its surrounding settlement, often as building works destroyed the sites. Between 1962 and 1999, about 50 excavations were carried out in and around the fortress, revealing new information about Deva Victrix. Between 2007 and 2009, excavations were carried out at the amphitheatre on behalf of Chester City Council and in association with English Heritage.</p><br>
<h2>Civilian settlement</h2><br>
<p>A civilian settlement (canabae legionis) was gradually established outside the walls of the fortress; it probably began as a collection of traders who became prosperous from dealing with the fortress. The settlement was administered by an elected council rather than by the legion. Most of them were used to repair the north wall in the 4th century. Settlement extended around the fortress to the east, south, and west; shops fronted the roadside for about 300 m beyond the fortress walls. To the east was the legion&#39;s parade ground, civilian baths were built to the west, and to the south was a mansio, a large coaching house for travelling government officials. The buildings of the canabae legionis were originally timber, but during the early 2nd century began to be rebuilt in stone. The settlement expanded throughout the 2nd and 3rd centuries as the population increased. Once the legion had left, the civilian settlement continued, eventually becoming part of the town of Chester.</p><br>
<p>Indeed, scholars such as Christopher Snyder believe that during the 5th and 6th centuries – approximately from 410 AD when Roman legions withdrew, to 597 AD when St. Augustine of Canterbury arrived – southern Britain preserved a sub-Roman society that was able to survive the attacks from the Anglo-Saxons and even use a vernacular Latin (called British Latin) for an active culture. There is even the possibility that this vernacular Latin lasted to the late 7th century in the area of Chester, where amphorae and archaeological remnants of a local Romano-British culture at Deva Victrix have been found.</p><br>
<h2>Legionary quarry</h2><br>
<p>The Roman fortress of Deva was constructed from local sandstone, which was quarried across the river to the south of the fortress. perhaps by the quarry workers. Despite heavy weathering, the figure can be seen holding a spear and a shield with an owl above the left shoulder to symbolise wisdom. There is also a carving of an altar where offerings were left. The only rock-cut Roman shrine still in situ in Britain, the Minerva shrine is a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<h2>Legionary baths</h2><br>
<p>Deva Victrix had a large legionary bath complex (thermae) for the soldiers to maintain good hygiene and to use for leisure time. The baths were sited near the south gate and measured 82.6 m by 85.5 m. They were completed towards the end of Vespasian&#39;s reign. The complex was constructed from concrete and faced with stone. The walls were 1.2 m thick and the barrel-vaulted buildings rose as high as 16.1 m.</p><br>
<p>The bath complex featured an entrance room (vestibulum), an exercise hall (basilica thermarum), a sweating room (sudatorium), a cold room with a cold pool (frigidarium), a warm room (tepidarium), and a hot room with a hot plunge bath (caldarium). An unsheltered exercise yard (palaestra) also formed part of the complex. The baths had mosaic floors and were heated by a hypocaust under-floor system connected to three furnaces. Such furnaces required several metric tons of wood each day.</p><br>
<p>The baths would have been in operation 24 hours a day, using an estimated 850,000 l of water each day. The water was supplied from the springs in Boughton through underground lead pipes linked to the main aqueduct near the east gate.</p><br>
<p>A large area of the baths was destroyed by building works in 1863 and during the construction of the Grosvenor Shopping Mall in 1963.</p><br>
<h2>Market Hall inscription</h2><br>
<p>This is a fragment of a much larger inscription, finely carved onto Welsh slate, which was discovered close to the fort&#39;s principia. Archaeologist David J.P. Mason has said that:</p><br>
<p>Examples of important inscriptions of this nature include treaties with local tribes and declarations of rights. The text of this inscription cannot be reconstructed from this small fragment, but it appears to talk about the fortress, an amicable conclusion, and someone being against the regime.</p><br>
<h2>Amphitheatre</h2><br>
<p>The amphitheatre was discovered in 1929, and the Chester Archaeological Society – with support from then Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald – protected it from the construction of a road over the site. Excavations have revealed traces of late Iron Age cultivation, and they show that Devas amphitheatre was built in two phases. The first amphitheatre was constructed from timber soon after the fortress and measured 75 by. There is no evidence of repairs to the timber structure, and its foundations were only 0.6 m deep, so it may have been a temporary structure. In the Flavian period the amphitheatre was rebuilt in stone. This second phase was larger than the first and measured 95.7 by. Its size has been used as an indicator of Devas large civilian population, and of the presence of wealthy citizens. The second phase of building is the largest known military amphitheatre in Britain. It is a protected as a Scheduled Ancient Monument.</p><br>
<p>The amphitheatre served a variety of purposes. As it was close to the fortress, it would have been used as a venue for weapons training as well as hosting spectacular entertainments involving acrobats, wrestlers, and professional gladiators. The walls of the amphitheatre were 0.9 m thick and may have stood as high as 12 m. The buttresses were too insubstantial to be structural, so must have been decorative.</p><br>
<p>Part of a slate frieze depicting a retiarius, or net-fighter, was discovered in 1738, most likely dating to the 2nd century; it was probably used to decorate the tomb of a gladiator. Other finds included a small bronze statuette of a gladiator, parts of a Roman bowl depicting scenes from a gladiatorial contest, and part of a gladius sword handle. Much of the masonry from the amphitheatre was reused in the construction of the St John&#39;s Church and the monastery of St Mary.</p><br>
<h2>Elliptical building</h2><br>
<p>In 1939 some paving and the walls of two unusual elliptical buildings were discovered, one atop the other. These elliptical buildings were partially uncovered behind Chester&#39;s market hall, and no similar buildings have been found in other legionary fortresses. The buildings were located near the centre of the fortress and they had their own bath buildings and a range of store rooms around the outside. The presence of a second bath building is unusual because legionary fortresses generally had just one set of internal baths. Construction on the site began around AD 77 and this was confirmed by a length of lead piping, which served a central water feature or fountain, which was stamped with the name of Emperor Vespasian. The first building was a prestigious edifice made with concrete foundations and finely dressed stonework, and was probably the finest building in the entire fortress. Technically speaking it was not elliptical, but arcuate, with the central hall being formed from two intersecting arcs, and this makes it unique in the Roman Empire. Its function is unknown. There was no seating within the arcs, which precludes a theatre, and the best guess of the archaeologists was that the twelve alcoves may have contained images of the gods, with the temple being dedicated to the twelve primary gods of the Roman pantheon. Or, alternatively, the oval shape may have represented the shape of the known Roman world, but there is no supporting evidence for this.</p><br>
<p>The completed building measured 52.4 m by 31.45 m, and had an oval courtyard with a water feature at its centre, 14 m by 9 m, surrounded by 12 "wedge-shaped" rooms. Traces of the concrete foundation for the water feature and its lead pipe work have been excavated. The 12 rooms surrounding the courtyard had large arched entrances, 4 m wide and at least 5.5 m high. It is not certain if the first building was ever completed, but it had certainly been destroyed by the AD 90s and the site was subsequently used as the fortress rubbish dump for many decades.</p><br>
<p>The second elliptical building was built on top foundations of the first, and although the architect must have been aware of the exact layout of the previous building, the design of the second was slightly modified. Although the it looks very similar to the first, it used different diameters of arc to achieve a slightly fatter design. The second elliptical building was not constructed until about AD 220, and this was confirmed by a coin of Emperor Elagabalus under one of the pavement slabs. It is thought that the second building may have survived until the end of Roman rule and influence in Britain.</p><br>
<h2>Possible capital of Britannia</h2><br>
<p>The elliptical building is one of several differences between the fortress at Chester and other Roman fortresses in the province. Deva was 20% larger, 5 hectare, than the fortresses of Eboracum (York) – later capital of Britannia Inferior – and Isca Augusta (Caerleon). Also, the stone curtain wall at Chester was constructed without mortar, using large sandstone blocks; this required greater skill and effort than the methods used to build the walls of Eboracum and Isca Augusta, and was usually reserved for the most important structures such as temples or city walls rather than town walls. The presence of unusual buildings at the heart of the fortress – accounting for the 4 hectare by which Deva was larger than other fortresses – has been taken as evidence that their construction was specifically ordered by the provincial governor. The governor (Legatus Augusti pro praetore) when construction first started was Gnaeus Julius Agricola. Lead piping found in the elliptical building bears his name, the only evidence in Britain of a building under his direct control. These differences suggest that Deva may have been Agricola’s administrative headquarters – in effect the capital of Britannia. This was speculated on in a Timewatch investigation.</p><br>
<p>Another factor pointing to Deva Victrix as a provincial capital is the presence of a port. From Deva, Ireland (Hibernia) was also accessible, a land which Agricola had plans to conquer; he even launched an expedition to Ireland, though where from is unclear. Also, the Flavian dynasty was expansionist, and Deva was closer to what would then have been the front, making administration quicker and easier. Furthermore, historian Vittorio Di Martino believes that Agricola could have chosen Deva Victrix as a possible future capital of Roman Britain because it was practically placed at the centre of the British isles, being located geographically at nearly the same distance from the westernmost shores of Ireland, the easternmost lands of Britannia and the Channel.</p><br>
<p>Regardless of the empires plans for Deva, Londinium, the provinces economic and trading centre, emerged as the capital of Britannia, reflecting a change in imperial policy from expansionism to consolidation.</p><br>
<p>The Feldberg Pass  is a high mountain pass in the Black Forest in the state of Baden-Württemberg and the second highest in Germany.</p><br>
<p>It is south of the Feldberg peak, and the road runs through the town of Feldberg. The B 317 federal highway connects Todtnau and Titisee-Neustadt. The maximum incline is 1 in 10 (10%).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first discussions about the construction of a road over the Feldberg took place around 1840 in Wiesental. The local communities wanted a link to the Baar, as did local industry because they sourced their raw materials from the Baar and the upper part of Württemberg (brush industry) as well as from Austria (tinder industry) and wanted to open up new markets. Hitherto, raw materials had to be delivered by road over the pass of Hohe Wacht (Bernau) and along the Prägbach valley. Shortly before the Baden Revolution, a mule track was laid from Todtnau via Zeiger and Bärental to Altglashütten and connected with roads to Lenzkirch and St. Blasien. In 1847, the state had assessed the road project as important, but there were disputes over its financing, which was to be provided by the Principality of Fürstenberg and the neighbouring municipalities. In 1866, a government subsidy of 20,000 guilders was granted, and, in 1868, Bärental and the House of Fürstenberg agreed on an extension of the road to the border with Menzenschwand. In 1874, preparatory work got under way and the road was opened in 1885. It was not cleared in winter, but used by snowshoe walkers, skaters and pedestrians.</p><br>
<p>In 1908, plans were drawn up to widen the road, but they initially failed to secure funding from the parishes. In 1912, the parish of Bärental was committed to make a contribution and work began in 1913, which led to it being widened by 33%, and its gradient reduced from an average of 10.3 to 7.85%. On 1 April 1926, it was classified as a Kreisstraße and, on 1 April 1935, it became a Reichsstraße, later the Bundesstraße 317. In 1927 the connection through the Seewald was made navigable, and, in 1932/34, it was tarmacked for the first time. In 1938/39 large car parks and a highway depot was built in the area around the Zeiger.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The busy pass road is part of the B 317 and links Todtnau in the Wiesental valley with Titisee-Neustadt. The southwestern approach is characterized by hairpin bends and climbs 483 metres over a distance of about seven kilometres; the north-eastern ramp is less winding. Both approaches have gradients of up to 1 in 10 or 10%. In snow conditions, lorries are required to fit snow chains. In the area of the pass two more mountain roads branch off; one runs north to the Feldberg mountain and another south to the National Training Centre of the DSV on the Herzogenhorn. In the winter of 2005/2006, the road was blocked after heavy snow for avalanche blasting.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>In the summer, the Feldberg Pass is often the starting point for walks in the Feldberg nature reserve, for which numerous car parks have been established. As tourism has developed, a large number of restaurants and places to stay have been built, as well as lifts, especially for winter sports.</p><br>
<p>For the last few decades, there have been winter sports areas at Feldberg on both sides of the pass. They include 14 lifts and 16 slopes, from simple family runs to sophisticated FIS World Cup routes. Using a Feldberg Pass, cross-country skiers have access to the trails at the Herzogenhorn (about 20 km), the Köpfle (3 km), Äulemer Kreuz and the Stübenwasen track. The 32 -kilometre-long Hinterzarten to Schluchsee long distance cross country trail runs over the Feldberg Pass.</p><br>
<p>The high level of tourist traffic in the area of the Feldberg Pass causes major problems, especially in winter, something often exacerbated by wintry road conditions. Currently, a multi-storey car park is being built at the Pass by the foot of the Seebuck, which is designed to relieve parking along the road.</p><br>
<p>The Feldberg Pass has twice been a mountaintop finish on the Deutschland Tour cycle race. In the mountains classification the eastern approach counts as a Category 1. In 2003, the stage was won by the Portuguese José Azevedo and in 2005 by the Australian Cadel Evans.</p><br>
<p>Sinclair Pass  is a high mountain pass in Kootenay National Park between the Columbia and Kootenay Rivers to the northeast of present-day Radium Hot Springs in the province of British Columbia, Canada.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was named after James Sinclair, a fur trading merchant from Red River colony. In 1841 he discovered and used the pass while leading an expedition consisting of 121 people from 23 Métis families from Red River Colony. They were hired by the Pugets Sound Agricultural Company to settle outside Cowlitz Farm and Fort Nisqually in modern Washington state. This was an attempt to get the northern bank of the Columbia River awarded to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in any potential settlement in the Oregon boundary dispute.</p><br>
<p>The Weaver Hall Museum and Workhouse, Northwich, Cheshire, records the social, cultural and industrial history of west Cheshire. It was formerly known as the Salt Museum, reflecting its early focus on the history of salt extraction, a local industry dating back to Roman times. The museum was renamed Weaver Hall Museum and Workhouse in 2010 as its remit now extends to cover the broader history of the area and also the history of the building itself as a former workhouse.</p><br>
<p>The museum is located in the old Northwich Union workhouse, dating from 1839 and situated on the A533 road. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>Current museum</h2><br>
<p>Weaver Hall Museum houses a large collection covering the archaeology, architecture and industries of Cheshire from prehistory to the present. Permanent displays include a Victorian workhouse schoolroom and the Board of Guardians boardroom.</p><br>
<p>The museum also holds an image library of more than 8000 items recording the history of west Cheshire, particularly in relation to the salt and chemical industries and associated canal transport.</p><br>
<p>In addition to regular displays of items from its own collections the museum also hosts visiting exhibitions, art exhibitions, special events, holiday activities, talks and regular film shows in its own mini-cinema, the Regalette, (named in honour of the town&#39;s last surviving cinema the Regal, which closed in 2007.)</p><br>
<p>In 2009 more than 20,000 people visited Weaver Hall.</p><br>
<h2>Origins and history of Weaver Hall Museum</h2><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>The first salt museum was set up in the 19th century by Thomas Ward and John Brunner, two local salt proprietors, who felt the town needed something to explain its status as the then "salt capital of the world". Ward and Brunner donated the library and museum to the town in 1887.</p><br>
<p>The museum collection originally shared a building with Northwich library but mine subsidence – once a significant problem in the town – caused this to collapse. A new combined library-and-museum building was put up in 1909. This building still exists but now houses only Northwich library, though the former title over the door remains.</p><br>
<p>The collection was moved into its current premises in the former workhouse building at Weaver Hall in June 1981, in large part thanks to the efforts of Mary, Lady Rochester, who played a leading role in its early establishment. It opened under the name of The Salt Museum and displayed exhibits that particularly illustrated the history of the salt industry and its impact on the area. In 2010 the proposed redevelopment of a second museum based nearby at the former Lion Salt Works encouraged restructuring, and the museum to adopt its current name of the Weaver Hall Museum and Workhouse. Its focus was also enlarged to cover the broader history of the west Cheshire region.</p><br>
<h3>Building</h3><br>
<p>The building which was eventually to become known as Weaver Hall was opened in 1839 in response to the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834, which standardized the system of poor relief throughout England and Wales. Groups of parishes were combined into unions which were responsible for providing for the poor and needy in the area. The law forbade all relief to the able-bodied in their own homes; anyone wishing to receive aid had to live in a workhouse, in which the harsh conditions were intended to encourage the able-bodied poor to seek employment rather than rely on charity.</p><br>
<p>The Northwich Union Workhouse was commissioned in 1837, after 65 local parishes and townships comprising nearly the whole of mid-Cheshire were combined in October 1836 into a single union. The building was designed by architect George Latham to a standard model. In 1850 a fever hospital was added, and in 1863 better receiving wards – with proper baths – were installed. Poor Law Unions and their Guardians were abolished in April 1930, when Northwich Workhouse transferred to Cheshire County Council as a public assistance institution.</p><br>
<p>In 1948 the building became the Weaver Hall Old People’s Home. Most of the workhouse buildings were demolished in the 1960s, but an original range of rooms fronting London Road remained, along with an adjoining Board of Guardians room built in 1892. The main building ceased to be an old people&#39;s home in 1968, when residents were moved to a purpose-built facility at the rear.</p><br>
<p>Sgùrr nan Ceannaichean is a Scottish mountain situated 13 kilometres southwest of the village of Achnasheen on the southern side of Glen Carron within the Glencarron and Glenuig Forest in the Ross and Cromarty district of the Highland council area.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The mountain&#39;s name translates from the Gaelic as Peak of the Merchants or Pedlars. The reason for this name may be that in the past the main route between east and west Scotland went by the valley of Strathconan just to the north and Sgùrr nan Ceannaichean may have been seen as a significant landmark by traders and travellers.</p><br>
<p>Initially classed as a Corbett, Sgùrr nan Ceannaichean was reclassified as a Munro in 1981 after an air height of 915m, obtained by photogrammetry from the metric survey, appeared on the Ordnance Survey map. In 2009, a survey by The Munro Society obtained an accurate height of 913.43 metres, reverting the mountain&#39;s status to Corbett.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Sgùrr nan Ceannaichean is a much more interesting hill than the adjoining Munro of Moruisg, its western flank is very steep and craggy as it falls to the valley of the Allt a’ Chonais and contains two deep and impressive gullies. The fine corrie of Coire Toll nam Bian stands on the north eastern side of the mountain while another lesser corrie, Coire an Tuill Bhàn, lies just east of the summit and descends south east to the valley near Glenuig Lodge. The highest point of the mountain lies on a plateau with a number of cairns with the most southerly one being the highest point. The mountain stands on the main Scottish east-west watershed with most of the drainage going to Glen Carron and the sea at the west coast. However the eastern slopes form the head waters of the River Meig which takes water to the Cromarty Firth on the east coast of Scotland.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Sgùrr nan Ceannaichean is usually ascended in conjunction with the neighbouring Munro of Moruisg from a point just west of Loch Sgamhain on the A890 at grid reference, it is possible to climb either of the hills first. An alternative route which gives a direct ascent of Sgùrr nan Ceannaichean starts at the small hamlet of Craig (at grid reference ) and follows the valley of the Allt a&#39; Chonais for five kilometres until a stalkers path leaves the valley and climbs steeply up the mountains southern slopes to reach the summit. The continuation to Moruisg goes north east and then north along the rim of the Coire Toll nam Bian.</p><br>
<p>Jackson Lake Lodge is located near Moran in Grand Teton National Park, in the USA state of Wyoming. The lodge has 385 rooms, a restaurant, conference rooms, and offers numerous recreational opportunities. The lodge is owned by the National Park Service, and operated under contract by the Grand Teton Lodge Company. The Grand Teton Lodge Company also manages the Jenny Lake Lodge, as well as cabins, restaurants and other services at Colter Bay Village. The lodge is located east of Jackson Lake adjacent to prime moose habitat below the Jackson Lake Dam.</p><br>
<p>Jackson Lake Lodge: Rockefeller’s Middle Class Accommodations</p><br>
<p>In 1950, John D. Rockefeller, Jr. called on architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood to design the Jackson Lake Lodge. This building marked the transition in the National Park System from rustic to modern design. Underwood revolutionized park architecture by combining modern materials with rustic accents, such as the wood grain-textured concrete seen on this building. Rockefeller developed the lodge to help make parks accessible to all Americans. Although the lodge was originally criticized for being too modern, it harmonizes with the natural surroundings with a low profile receding amid the aspen and pine trees. Landscapers planted native species mimicking the local environment.</p><br>
<p>In 1950, John D. Rockefeller, Jr. called on architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood to design the Jackson Lake Lodge. This building marked the transition in the National Park System from rustic to modern design. Underwood revolutionized park architecture by combining modern materials with rustic accents, such as the wood grain-textured concrete seen on this building. Rockefeller developed the lodge to help make parks accessible to all Americans. Although the lodge was originally criticized for being too modern, it harmonizes with the natural surroundings with a low profile receding amid the aspen and pine trees. Landscapers planted native species mimicking the local environment.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the lodge was listed as a National Historic Landmark. Designed by architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood and completed in 1955, the lodge is an example of the National Park Service&#39;s interpretation of the International Style which was commonly seen in structures built on USA Government parklands in the mid-20th century. The lodge combines elements of the more rustic structures of the earlier decades of the 20th century with a more modern design elements that became standard for the next couple of decades.</p><br>
<h2>Old Jackson Lake Lodge</h2><br>
<p>The resort complex was built over the site of the Amoretti Hotel and Camp Companys Jackson Lake Lodge, built by Eugene Amoretti of Lander, Wyoming from 1922. Amorettis lodge, boasting the first hot and cold running water in the valley, featured guest cabins and tent cabins. It was purchased by the Snake River Land Company in 1930 and continued to operate until 1953, when its 23 cabins were demolished in favor of the new resort.</p><br>
<p>The Jackson Lake Lodge was designated a National Historic Landmark on July 31, 2003.</p><br>
